Psych - Disorders

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abnormality

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-statistical rarity (small %)
-interference with normal functioning (significantly different from cultural norms)
-personal distress (interference with everyday life)
-deviance from social norms

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medical model (of abnormality)

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the perspective that mental disorders are caused by biological conditions and can be treated through medical intervention (psychiatrists)

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psychological model (of abnormality)

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the perspective that mental disorders are caused and maintained by one's life experience.

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DSM-IV-R

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list of more than 200 psychological disorders; specifies the number of symptoms, their length and their severity for each disorder, the standardizing the process of giving a diagnosis (adding many new disorders-criticism)

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Diagnosis problems

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The Rosenhan "Ficticious Study" (all said they heard voices. diagnosed as schizophrenic)
The Ford and Widigier- Sex bias in the diagnosis and antisocial personality disorders. males were diaagnosed as antisocial. females diagnose as histrionic.

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creativity and mental illness

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the rate ofmental illness is slightly high amoung those successful in the arts than those successful in other professions. (stereotypes)

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Gender bias

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more disorders in women.

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Comorbidity of disorders

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many people who have psychological disorders experience more than one diagnosable disorder at the same time

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anxiety

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a general feeling of apprehension that interferes with normal functioning

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agoraphobia

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"fear of the marketplace"
begins in early 20's, mostly women
ppl who stay in house, panic attacks

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social phobias

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fear of social situations, begin 15-25 years

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specific phobias

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fears of particular objects or situations, begins around 5-9 years of age

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social phobia and public speaking

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socially phobic and non-phobic prepared a speech, both groups showed increased anxiety

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acquisition of phobias

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-classical conditioning: a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a fear-producing stimulus.

modeling: vicarious conditioning

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panic attack

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intense physiological reations that occur in the absense of an emergency. frequent: panic disorder.

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causes of panic disorder

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biological: increased amounts of sodium lactate, genetic component, antidepressents help, increased sensitivity to CO2

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessions: recurrent thoughts, impulses and images that appear; irrational
Compulsions: repeated, urrestistible behaviors that often follow the experience of obsessions
*low rate of recovery

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what causes OCD

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behavioral view: compulsions act to reduce the anxiety experienced as a consequence of the obsessions, and are thus reinforcing
Bioglogical: genetic, the frontal lobe (thinking and planning) and the casal ganglia (motor movement) are affected in ocd patients

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Hypocondriasis

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a disorder characterized by an unwarranted preoccupation with one's physical health. difficult to communicate with, equal men and women

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somatization disorder

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complain of a large number of vague and dramatic symptoms, all expereinced at the same time. begins in teenagehood, more women (similar to hypochondraisis)

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conversion disorder

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a disorder in which a person temporarily loses a bodily function in the absence of physcial cause. symptoms are physically impossible- don't coincide with the nervous system

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body dysmorphic disorder

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parietns are obsessed with the physical characteristics of their bodies. "michael jackson"

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dissociative amnesia

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involves a partial or complete memory loss in the absense of a physical cause. (defense mechanism)

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dissociative fugue

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a person forgets his/her identity and starts a new life-maybe creating a new identity for a long period of time. (defense mechanism, very rare)

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dissociative identity disorder
(multiple personality disorder)

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condition in which an individual develops two or more distinct identities. aware of other personalities, switch often, physical responses, often occurs in ppl who were sexually abused as a child

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dysthymic depressive disorder

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melder, yet chronic form of depression. feel lonely and blue but can still function

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major depressive disorder

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sadness, lack of interest, reduced energy, suicidal thoughts, low self-esteem feelings of inferiority, often accompanied by psychosis, stay in bed, normally medicated

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double depression

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chronically dysthymic, occasionally majorly depressed

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seasonal affective disorder

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occurs during fall and winter

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depression: age

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seldom identified before adolescence, diagnoses increase in early adulthood, most commonly diagnosed in middle age

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causes of depression: explanatory style

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positive is better-cognitive therapy is best, how you think is the key to whether or not you will develop depression or not

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causes of depression: vicious cycle

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biological causes or negative life experiences lead to depression which leads to social rejection which circles back to negative life experiences.

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social

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men are more likely to commit suicide. whites are more likely to commit suicides than blacks.

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bipolar disorder

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manic episodes: engery, euphoria, elevated self-esteem, impossible plans
depressive episodes: fatigue, sadness, despair

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schizophrenic symptoms

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incoherent thinking (psychosis), delusions, hallucinations, disturbance of affect, bizarre behavior

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positive symptoms

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(cognitive, emotional and behavioral excesses) hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders- neologisms (create words), word salads, loose associations, bizzare behaviors.

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negative symptoms

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(cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits) apathy, flattened affect, social withdrawl, inattention, slowed speech or no speech

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Catatonic Schizophrenia

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motor symptoms ranging from rigidity to wild hyperactivity

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disorganized schizophrenia

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incoherent speech, flat or inappropriate affect, onset at adolescence, longterm

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paranoid schizophrenia

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delusions of grandeur or persecution. auditory hallucinations, latest onset, good recovery

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residual schizophrenia

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no delusions hallucinations or incoherent language but social withdrawl and odd beliefs

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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symptoms that do not fit neatly in the other categories. outcomes are variable

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genetic cause of schizophrenia

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risk of developing increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases

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brain abnormality cause and other causes

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schizophrenics had enlarged ventricles
other: neurotransmitters, environment, multiple causes

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paranoid personality disorder

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suspicious self-destructive but not psychotic, difficult to get along with, always queistioning (resembles paranoid schizophrenia)

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schizoid personality disorder

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not psychotic, high degree of aloofness, distance and secretiveness, not lonely but loners (resembles residual schizophrenia)

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borderline personality disorder

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instability in one's self-image, mood, and social relationships and lack of clear identity (similar to bipolar)

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antisocial personality disorder

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chronic pattern of self-centered, manipulative, and destructive behavior toward others, lack of remorse, zero chance of recovery

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paraphilias

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sexual arousal is achieved by objects or situations that are considered unusual or bizarre by most.

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exhibitionism

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show naked body to unsuspecting ppl, usually male

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frotteurism

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rubbing yourself against unsuspecting people

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necrophilia

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sex with the dead

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partialism

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aroused by a certain body part

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masochism

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like to be inflicted with pain

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sadism

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like to inflict pain

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transvestic fetishism

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like to crossdress in sexual situations

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voyerism

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"peeping toms"

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zoophilia

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sex with animals

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mysophilia

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sex in dirty places

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fetishism

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the sexual attraction for material and terrestrial objects while in reality the essence of the object is inanimate and sexless