Psych Chp 4

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developmental psychology

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study of physical, mental, and social changes throughout the human life cycle

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zygote

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fertilized egg; 2 week period of rapid cell division

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embryo

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developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

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fetus

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from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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teratogens

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agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and case harm

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FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome

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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

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rooting reflex

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a baby's tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for the nipple

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maturation

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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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schemas **

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framework that organizes and interprets info

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assimilation

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interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
ex. may call all 4 legged creatures doggies

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accomodate

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adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new info

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cognition

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all the mental avtivities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communication

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sensorimotor

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birth to 2 y/o, infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities, building schema, live in the moment

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object permanance

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (8 months)

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preoperational stage

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2-6/7 y/o: child learns to use language but does not comprehend the mental operations of concrete knowledge, doesn't know individualism, don't know conservation

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conservation

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properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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egocentric

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inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view

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theory of mind

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peoples ideas about their own and others' mental states about their own feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

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autism

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disorder that appears in childfood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others states of mind

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concrete operational stage

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6/7- 11 y/o, children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events, can put things in series, can se through other's perspectives, understand reversibility

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formal operational stage

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12 y/o+, begin to think logically about abstract concepts, think of hypothetical situations

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stranger anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months

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attachment

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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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critical period

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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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imprinting

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the processing by hich certain animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life

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basic trust

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a sense that the world is predictable and trust worthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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self-concept

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a sense of one's identity and personal worth

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authoritarian

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extreme mean parenting

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permissive

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loose parenting, sibmit to children's desires

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authoritative

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the middle of parenting

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adolescence

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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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menarche

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first period

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preconventional morality

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before 9 self-interest, obey to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

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conventional morality

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early adolescence, care about others uphold laws and rules, take others' perspectives the law is right, social approval

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post conventional morality

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abstract reasoning, selfless, affirms people's agreed upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles

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social intuitionist

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account of morality moral feelings precede moral reasoning

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identity

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one's sense of self according to erikson, the adolescents task is to solidity a a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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intimacy

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the ability to form close loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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emerging adulthood

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18-mid 20's. and increasingly not yet settled phase of life

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demention

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series of small stokes, brain tumor or alcoholism progressively damages brain, cause mental erosion

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alzheimer's disease

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a progressive and irreversivle brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally physical functioning

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cross-sectional studies

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people of different ages are compared with one another

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longitudinal studies

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same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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it all depends

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age depends on the type of intellectual performane is measured

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crystallized intelligence

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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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fluid intelligence

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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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social clock

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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement