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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (how we act, think, feel, etc)
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psychiatry
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the science of diagnosing and treating mental disorders
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physiological
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pertaining to the study of the normal function of an organism
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cognitive
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pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning
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What do psychologists do?
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use a systematic method of asking and answering questions about how people think, act, and feel
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Goals of psychology
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to describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior using the scientific method
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introspection
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observation or examination of one's own mental and emotional state, mental processes, etc
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applied science
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applying scientific knowledge to practical problems
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basic science
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the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake; foundation for applied psychology
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insight
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an understanding of relationships that shed light on or helps solve a problem
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eidetic memory
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the ability to recall images with vividness bordering on actual visual perception; total recall; photographic memory
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behavior modification
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the direct changing of unwanted behavior by means of biofeedback or conditioning
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shaping
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a technique of conditioning in which the desired behavior is modeled by first rewarding and requiring approximation to the desired behavior before rewarding
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primary reinforcers
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unconditional reinforcement, occurs naturally and does not require learning in order to work (food, drink, pleasure)
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secondary reinforcers
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conditioned reinforcement, involves stimuli that have become rewarding by being paired with another reinforcing stimulus (a clicker before giving a dog a treat)
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extinction
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the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing
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generalization
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Stimulus Generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus.
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discrimination
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Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds.
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feature extraction
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The identification and analysis of specific elements of a sensory input.
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selective attention
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the process by which a person can selectively pick out one message from a mixture of messages occurring simultaneously
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population
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The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions
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sample
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The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study
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Stratified/random sample
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A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected
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correlation
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association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.
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Independent variable
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A manipulated experimental factor' the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are
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dependent variable
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The outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable
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control group
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The participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable
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experimental group
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The participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under study - that is, those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents
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naturalistic observation
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The observation of behavior in a real-world setting
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case study
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An in-depth look at a single individual
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observer effect
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when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed
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longitudinal study
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Longitudinal research involves conducting a study over a period of time, sometimes for months or even years.
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cross-cultural study
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a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior.
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