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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This condition is called _____: stimulation of one sensory modality leading to perceptual experience in another sensory modality.
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synesthesia
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Refers to the absence of senstation.
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Anesthesia
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What are some examples of synesthesia?
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One woman named Katherine sees in vivid colors letters and numbers printed in black and white.
Other forms of synesthesia include hearing colors, feeling sounds, or tasting shapes. |
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Synesthesia affects what percent of the population? Is it more common in men or women? Since what century has it been reported?
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Less than 1 percent.
More common in women. Reported since the 1700s. |
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Refers to a combination, or synthesis of sensations.
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Synesthesia
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Synesthesia would be considered an ...
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additional sensory dimension.
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True or False
Synesthetes have normal vision and color vision? |
True
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True or False
In synesthetes, PET scans have revealed that the intitial pathways for sensory information arrive at the correct areas of the brain. |
True
(i.e., visual information goes to the visual cortex and not to the auditory cortex) |
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In synesthetes, in what part of the brain does there appear to be cross-communication that does not occur in nonsynesthetes?
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In the somatosensory cortex and associated areas.
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What happens with the sensory information a synesthete receives?
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After initial processing, a different use of the information results in altered perception and, thus, an "altered" state of consciousness.
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The beginning of chapter 9 begins with discussing ...
The remainder of the chapter is devoted to ... |
the nature of and functions of consciousness.
states of consciousness. |
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A deviation from the normal waking state is ...
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an altered state of consciousness.
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Consciousness--
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the subjective awareness of mental events.
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When it comes to states of consciousness, what is the most basic distinction?
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Between waking and sleeping, exploring the stages of sleep and the nature of dreaming.
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States of consciousness--
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qualitatively different patterns of subjective experience, including ways of experiencing both internal and external events.
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Changes in interpersonal thought, feeling, and behavior throughtout the life span.
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Social Development
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Whose findings established that perceived security, not food, is the crucial element in forming attachment relationships in primates?
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Harry Harlow
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Infants and children raised with little or no human contact are called ...
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feral children.
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Who developed attachment theory?
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John Bowlby
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Harry Harlow referred to the ties that bind an infant to its caregivers as ...
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contact comfort.
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A scientist interested in comparative animal behavior.
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Ethologist
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Who argued that attachment behavior is prewired in humans?
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John Bowlby
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When does the attachment system turn on?
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When a child feels threatened.
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Social thought involves changes in ...
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interpersonal thought, feeling, and behavior throughout the life span.
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Attachment refers to ...
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the enduring ties children form with their primary caregivers; it includes a desire for proximity to an attachment figure, as sense of security derived from the person's presence, and feelings of distress when the person is absent.
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Critical Period
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- an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
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What four patterns of infant attachment have researchers discovered?
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secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized
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Infant attachment patterns reflect a combinatin of ...
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temperament, parental responsiveness, and the interaction of the two.
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Attachment security in infancy predicts ...
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social competence as well as school grades from preschool through adolescence.
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Swiss developmental psychologist, famous for his work with children and his theory of cognitive development.
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Jean Piaget
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Is best known for reorganizing cognitive development into a series of stages.
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Jean Piaget
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How many types of research designs do developmental psychologists rely on?
What are they? |
Three.
Cross-sectional studies Longitudial studies Sequential studies |
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Prenatal development is divided into how many stages, and what are they?
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Three.
germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. |
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Prenatal development can be disrupted by harmful environmental agents known as ______.
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teratogens (alcohol, Xrays, rubella, and thalidomide are examples)
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Agent affecting embryo or fetus: an agent that interrupts or alters the normal development of a fetus, with results that are evident at birth. (onelook)
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teratogens
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Neural development, both prenatally and throughout childhood, proceeds through ...
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myelination, trimming back of neurons, and increasing dendritic connections.
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Intermodal understanding is ...
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the ability of babies to associate sensations about an object from different senses and to match their own actions to behaviors they observe visually--in the earliest days of life.
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Piaget proposed that children develop knowledge by ...
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inventing, or 'constructing', a reality out of their own experience.
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According to Piaget, people cognitively adapt to their environment through ...
These are ______ and ______. |
two interrelated processes.
Assimilation and Accomodation |
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Assimilation means ...
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interpreting actions or events in terms of one's present schemas, that is, fitting reality into one's previous way of thinking.
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Accommodation involves ...
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modifying schemas to fit reality.
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Who proposed a stage theory of cognitive development?
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Piaget
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During the sensorimotor stage, thought primarily takes the form of ...
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perception and action.
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Do children aquire objective permanence gradually or quickly?
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Gradually
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Objective permanence:
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recognizing that objects exist in time and space independent of their actions on or observation of them.
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Sensorimotor children are extremely ______, or ...
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egocentric, or throughly embedded in their own point of view.
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The preoperational stage is characterized by ...
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the emergence of symbolic thought.
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In Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development, what did he called the third stage and why?
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Piaget called it the concrete operational stage because at this point children can operate on, or mentally manipulate, internal representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible.
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The formal operational stage is characterized by ...
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the ability to reason about formal propositions rather than concrete events.
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Psychologists have criticized Piaget for ...
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underestimating the capacities of younger children, assuming too much consistency across domains, and downplaying the influence of culture.
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The information-processing approach to cognitive development focuses on ...
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the development of different aspects of cognition.
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The concrete operational child understands ...
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conversation--the idea that basic properties of an object or situation remain stable even though superficial properties may change.
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Understanding one's own thinking processes (thinking about thinking).
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metacognitive abilities
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Integrative, or neo-Piagetian, theories attempt to ...
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wed stage conceptions with research on information processing and domain-specific knowledge.
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The most common cognitive declines with age are ...
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psychomotor slowing; difficulty with explicit memory retrival; and decreased speed and efficiency of problem solving.
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Intellectual capacities used in processing many kinds of information.
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fluid intelligence
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The person's store of knowledge.
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Crystallized intelligence.
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What type of intelligence begins to decline gradually in midlife?
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fluid intelligence
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Senile dementia is ...
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a disorder marked by global disturbance of higher mental functions.
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Well over half the cases of senile dementia result from ...
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Alzheimer's disease.
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When is the optimal time to attain native fluency?
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The first three years of life.
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What type of intelligence continues to expand over the life span?
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crystallized intelligence
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After age ___, even near-native fluency is difficult to achieve.
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12
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Young childrens' speech is _____ speech, omitting all but the essential words.
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telegraphic
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By age ___, children's sentences largely conform to the grammar of their language.
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4
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Developmental psychology studies ...
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the way humans develop and change over time.
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What are three issues that reverberate throughout all of developmental psychology?
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The roles of nature and nurture, the importance of early experience, and the extent to which development occurs in "stages."
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genetically programmed maturation
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nature
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Maturation refers to ...
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biologically based changes that follow an orderly sequence.
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Environmental events turn genes ...
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on and off.
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Human development is characterized by ...
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critical periods or sensitive periods, and whether development occurs in stages or is continuous is still a matter under discussion.
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learning and experience
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nurture
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critical periods
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periods central to specific types of learning that modify future development
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stages
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relatively discrete steps through which everyone progresses in the same sequence
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sensitive periods
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times that are particularly important but not definitive for subsequent development
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What three types of research designs do psychologists primarily use to study development?
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cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential.
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Cross-sectional studies compare ...
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groups of subjects of different ages at a single time to see whether differences exist among them.
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Cross-sectional studies are useful for ...
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providing a snapshot of age differences, or variations among people of different ages.
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