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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is abnormal?
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psychopathology- the scientific study of psychological disorders
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Defining Mental Disorders
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-What is considered normal in one's culture
-Leads to personal distress, impaired functioning -dangerous for oneself and others |
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Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
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-More common than physical disorders
-22% of Americans each year -50% lifetime risk in US |
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Mental Health Care Professionals
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Psychiatrist, Psychologist, Social Worker, Psychiatric Social Worker, Psychiatric Nurse, Line Staff and Support Staff
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What is the element of abnormality?
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-definition of mental disorders
-no one behavior that makes one abnormal |
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what are the areas of difficulty to be vulnerable to a mental disorder?
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1. suffering
2. maladaptiveness 3. deviancy 4. violation of standards of society 5. social discomfort 6. irrationality and unpredictability |
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A mental health disorder is a condition that:
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-causes significant distress or disability
-is not merely just a response to a particular event -is a manifestation of a mental disorder |
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DSMIII-1980?
DSMIIIR-1987? and why? |
1980-identified homosexuality as a mental disorder
1987-moved homosexuality into a general category of sexual disorder "not otherwise specified" -because people are more accepting now |
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1950 Angry Boy Film
Key Points |
-patterned behavior to seek attention- violence, stealing
-mother felt she failed, had issues with her mother, inflicted on husband and tommy for a need of control -play therapy, used projection to find out what his thoughts were *behavior may hide how much it reveals |
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Why do we need to classify mental disorders?
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-to understand, categorize information
-provides a naming system for a more helpful matter -allows for the study of different disorders, to understand and treat |
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What are the disadvantages of a classification system?
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short hand information, a loss of information, stigma can be attached to receiving diagnosis, stereotyping may occur, may label
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What is the ancient treatment of abnormal behavior?
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trephining-chipping away section of the skull, surgery, prayers, people were treated differently when believed to be possessed of good spirits, exorcism was a form of treatment
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What were Hippocrates' early medical concepts?
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mental health disorders had natural causes, categorized disorders as mania or melancholia, associated dreams and personality
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Plato's views
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emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences, discussed hospital care
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Later Greek Roman Thought
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-Egyptians- therapeutic measures
-galen- anatomy of nervous system -comfort was key to roman medicine |
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20th century health care: In the 1940s...
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most mental hospitals were harsh, inhumane, and ineffective
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20th century health care: mary jane ward...
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published The Snake Pit, that called attention to the plight of mental patients
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20th century health care: improvements of care
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national institute of mental health, Hill Burton Act, Community health service act, deinstitutionalyzation
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Etiology
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casual pattern of abnormal behavior
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Necessary cause
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a condition that must occur for a disorder to take place
ex)PTSD |
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Sufficient cause
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a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder
ex)anorexia |
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Contributory cause
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a condition that increases the probability of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary or sufficient for it to occur
ex)car accident |
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examples of contributory factors
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parenting, family dynamics, environmental, trauma, neglect
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In treatment: Sophie, Key Points
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afraid she's crazy, doesnt like to talk about herself, mood changing, sarcastic, bitter, wants control and shows through asking questions but not answering, neglect through parents-the books as a sign
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The relationship between assessment and diagnosis
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formal diagnosis is needed for insurance, planning for treatment follows diagnosis, essential for administrative purposes
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The three points of diagnosis
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assess, diagnose, treat
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Personality factors in a history of behavior
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long term personality characteristics, how the person responds to different situations
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The social context in assessment
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identify environmental stressors, understand the person through integrated conflicting information, hypothesis, decisions about treatment with consent of client, varying types of assessment, coordination of physical, psychological and environmental procedures
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Psychiatrists influence of professional orientation:
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biologically oriented practitioners
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psychoanalytically oriented clinicians influence on assessment:
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may use unstructured assessment methods
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behaviorally oriented clinicians influence on assessment:
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determine the functional relationships between environmental events, consequences and behavior
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cognitively oriented clinicians influence on assessment:
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focus on dysfunctional thoughts
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humanistic oriented clinicians influence on assessment:
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may use interview techniques to uncover blocked or distorted personal growth
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interpersonally oriented clinicians influence on assessment:
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may use behavioral observations to identify problematic relationships
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Assessment of the physical organism: the general physical exam
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a medical history is obtained, needed when presenting problems, includes physical symptoms, my eliminate other costly exams
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The neurological examination
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anatomical brian scans, PET scans, MRI
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The neuropsychological examination
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the measurement in the alteration of behavior
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structured interview
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all the same questions, determined ahead of time, unbiased, more reliable, easy to classify, specific goals, subject to error
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unstructured interview
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no set questions, directed to the person, more personal, specific goals, subject to error
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Clinical observation of behavior
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direct observation, ideally occurs in the natural environment, client is an excellent source of information, rating scales are used
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The use of a rating scale
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increase interview reliability, to check on the course or outcome of treatment
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What is stress? stressors?
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stress is the effect caused by stressors, stressors are adjustment demands
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what situations can lead to stress?
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positive and negative, that require adjustment
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What are the four categories of stress?
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frustration, conflicts, pressures, factors predisposing a person to stress
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describe frustration
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internal and external obstacles
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Types of conflicts
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approach-avoidance, double-avoidance, double-approach
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Describe the pressures that lead to stress
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leads someone to speed up, double efforts, internal and external, certain occupations add stress
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Factors of predisposing a person to stress
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the impact of the stressor (importance, duration) traumatic events, crisis exceeds adaptive capacities, life changes, *being able to perceive some benefit from a stressor may moderate the effects of trauma, children are particularly vulnerable, depending on culture
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the general effects of stress
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by meeting the demands of one stressor we may loose tolerance for other stressors, when stressors are severe may lower adaptive efficiency leading to psychological decomposition, may help to develop strength
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biological effects on stress
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alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion, fight or flight, once activated difficult to deactivate, can cause problem with immune systems
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Post traumatic stress disorder, responses
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reaction to catastrophic event, event is re-experienced, increased tension, sensitivity, impaired memory, feelings of depression and withdrawal
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Adjustment disorder
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reaction to common life situations, divorce, childbirth, occurs within three months of the stressor
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