Psych Chapter 7

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

the capacity to retain and retrieve info

Front 2

Flashbulb Memories

Back 2

Dramatic positive or negative memory

-Memories for traumatic events are more vivid than ordinary events
-main aspects of trauma remembered
-can distort detail, accuracy fades over time (9/11)

Front 3

Recall

Back 3

Ability to retrieve info which has been learned earlier

Front 4

Recognition

Back 4

Ability to identify previously encountered info

Front 5

Relearning

Back 5

Effort is saved in having learned something before

Front 6

Information Processing Model

Back 6

memory and mind are like a computer
-encoding:how to put info in, retain, store, and retrieve

Front 7

Levels of processing

Back 7

different levels of processing impact encoding

Front 8

Three Box Model of Memory

Back 8

Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory

Front 9

Sensory Memory

Back 9

-retains for 1-2 seconds
-acts as a holding bin
-.5 sec in visual subsystem
-longer in auditory system
-decides if it is worth processing

Front 10

Short Term Memory

Back 10

-holds limited amounts of information for up to 20-30 sec
-houses our working memory
-pattern recognition: compares to info already in our long term memory or decays or is lost

Front 11

Magic Number

Back 11

Number of items we are able to hold in our short term memory
-historically 7+/- 2
-recent research suggests may be closer to 4

Front 12

Long Term Memory

Back 12

Longer storage for minutes to decades
-organized by semantic categories
-Contents of long term memory
-procedural memory:knowing "how"
-Declarative Memory: knowing "that"

Front 13

• Deep Processing
o Semantic Encoding:

Back 13

Emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
• Would the word fit in the sentence: “He met a ____ on the street?”

Front 14

Extra Credit Word on Exam

Back 14

Liberty

Front 15

o Chunking:

Back 15

a strategy which helps us hold information, cultural variations, grouping things together
-• Reading off numbers as “one-hundred and thirteen” rather than 1, 1, 3, or IBMCIAFBI

Front 16

• Episodic Memories:

Back 16

experienced events, personal recollections

Front 17

• Prospective Memory:

Back 17

remembering to perform actions in the future
o “I have to remember to buy stamps”
o Use strategies such as mnemonics or lists

Front 18

• Retrospective Memory:

Back 18

remembering events from the past or previously learned information
o How to drive a car, where you live…

Front 19

• Primacy Effect:

Back 19

Memory of beginning pieces of list
o Usually people remember the first thing on a list

Front 20

• Recency Effect:

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Memory of the end pieces of the list
o Usually people remember the last thing on a list

Front 21

• Frequency:

Back 21

Numerous mentions increases memory
o Rememberred Night because it was on the list 3X

Front 22

• Distinctiveness:

Back 22

Increases likelihood
o Something out of the ordinary will be remembered (artichoke)

Front 23

• Effective Encoding:

Back 23

How to best learn information

Front 24

• Maintenance Rehearsal:

Back 24

Retain in short term memory, repeating a phone number

Front 25

• Elaborative Rehearsal:

Back 25

Know it, review, practice, give meanings

Front 26

• Visual Imagery:

Back 26

Create visual images to represent word/concepts to remember

Front 27

• Method of Loci:

Back 27

Match up existing visual images with concepts
o Picture your bedroom, and put an item in each area of the room, associate things with the lamp, bed, computer, desk, chair… useful when having to remember lists

Front 28

• Mnemonics:

Back 28

Systematic strategies for remembering information, memory tricks or useful tools to aid memory, ROY G BIV

Front 29

• Dual-Coding Theory:

Back 29

Memory is enhanced by using both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

Front 30

Eyewitness Testimony

Back 30

• People’s tendency to fill in missing information
• Errors are greater when the ethnicity of the subjects is different from the witness
• Power of words can impact memories
• Children and adults can report accurately as well as be influenced in their recall

Front 31

• Ineffective Encoding:

Back 31

we don’t ‘remember’ it in the first place because we didn’t learn it properly

Front 32

• Decay Theories:

Back 32

memories fade with time

Front 33

• New Memories for Old:

Back 33

Most recent versions are saved, saving over a document as you edit the paper

Front 34

• Retroactice Interference:

Back 34

New information interferes with old
o Trying to remember everything for three exams in one week

Front 35

• Proactive Interference:

Back 35

Old information interferes with new

Front 36

• Motivated Forgetting:

Back 36

painful memories blocked from consciousness (Freud)

Front 37

• Cue Dependent Forgetting:

Back 37

forget because you haven’t figured out what you need to help remember (retrieval cues)
-o Context, mental and physical states can all be retrieval cues, “back to the scene of the crime”

Front 38

• Amnesia:

Back 38

refers to memory deficits

Front 39

• Retrograde Amnesia:

Back 39

deficit in recalling events that happened before the onset of amnesia
o Can’t remember old information

Front 40

• Anterograde Amnesia:

Back 40

deficit in learning subsequent to the onset of the disorder
o Can’t remember new information (Memento)

Front 41

• Post-Traumatic Amnesia:

Back 41

range of cognitive impairments including memory loss following an accident. Can be substantial, but often decreases to the level of events surrounding the accident.
o Often remember traumatic events but not events directly surrounding the traumatic event

Front 42

• Childhood Amnesia:

Back 42

the inability to remember things from the first years of life
o Very common

Front 43

• Dementia:

Back 43

a clinical condition in which the individual loses cognitive abilities and functioning to the degree in which it impedes normal activity and social relationships
• Alzheimer is most common form of dementia

Front 44

o Symptoms of Alzheimer’s
•

Back 44

Loss of Memory for recent events and familiar tasks
• Changes in cognitive functioning ultimately leading to a change in personality
• Loss of Ability to perform most simple functions
•Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia

Front 45

Aphasia:
•

Back 45

The loss of the ability to use language

Front 46

Apraxia:
•

Back 46

the loss of the ability to actually carry out coordinated body movements

Front 47

Agnosia:

Back 47

the loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects

Front 48

o Causes of Alzheimer’s

Back 48

• Formation of plaques or tangles in the areas of the brain controlling memory or vital cognitive functioning
• Diagnosis usually done by exclusion because no one specific indicator. Historically done through autopsy for characteristic tangles/plaques central to disease.