Psych- Chapter 4. Auditory And Visual Pathways

Front 1

the messages from the senses

Back 1

sensation

Front 2

sensation is __________

Back 2

input

Front 3

modify environmental energy before the energy is actually “detected” by the sensory system properly

Back 3

accessory structures

Front 4

the key event of sensation

Back 4

transduction

Front 5

Transduction

Back 5

converts environmental energy into neural activity, "translates" into language of the nervous system

Front 6

specialized to detect certain forms of enegy

Back 6

sensory receptors

Front 7

For all senses (except smell) the information first goes to the _________ which relays it to the cerebral cortex where the most complex processing occurs

Back 7

thalamus

Front 8

the transformation of an object's distinguishing physical characteristics into a pattern of neural activity that precisely identifies those physical characteristics.

Back 8

coding

Front 9

A repetitive fluctuation or change in pressure

Back 9

wave

Front 10

the 2 factors in hearing

Back 10

amplitude (intensity, loudness)

and

frequency (pitch)

Front 11

amplitude is measured in...

Back 11

decibels

Front 12

frequency is measured in...

Back 12

Hertz

Front 13

block out certain senses once there are constant for awhile

Back 13

adaptation

Front 14

auditory pathway

Back 14

pinna-ear canal-tympanic membrane-malleus and anvil-stirrup-cochlea-basilar membrane-auditory nerve-thalamus-auditory cortex

Front 15

collects the sound waves

Back 15

pinna

Front 16

middle ear, at the end of the ear canal

Back 16

tympanic membrane

Front 17

other words for bones:
malleus, incus, and stapes

Back 17

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Front 18

the bones amplify the changes in __________

Back 18

pressure

Front 19

point of transduction in ear

Back 19

cochlea

Front 20

movement of the _______ causes the tiny hairs (cilia) to move

Back 20

basilar membrane

Front 21

Hair-cell movement causes _____________

Back 21

neuron activity

Front 22

what carries auditory information to the brain?

Back 22

auditory nerve

Front 23

problems with the bones in the inner ear- the middle ear’s bones fuse so that they cannot properly amplify vibrations

Back 23

conduction deafness

Front 24

problems with the auditory nerve or hair cells (cochlea)

Back 24

nerve deafness

Front 25

-an electric device wit a tiny microphone that transducer sounds into electronic signals triggering an electrode implanted in the cochlea thus firing the auditory nerve and sending signals to the brain

Back 25

cochlea implant

Front 26

the clear dome shaped tissue covering the front of the eye

Back 26

cornea

Front 27

colored part of the eye. controls the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil

Back 27

iris

Front 28

a crystalline structure located just behind the iris. it focuses light onto the retina

Back 28

lens

Front 29

the nerve that transmits electrical impulses from the retina to the brain

Back 29

optic nerve

Front 30

the opening in the center of the iris- it changes size as the amount of light changes

Back 30

pupil

Front 31

sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye- that contains rods and cones that convert light rays into electrical impulses that are relayed to the brain via optic nerve

Back 31

retina

Front 32

think transparent liquid that fills the center of the eye- gives the eye its form and shape

Back 32

vitreous

Front 33

connects retina to optic nerve. responsible for blind spot

Back 33

fovea

Front 34

Light rays must pass through several layers of cells in the retina to reach_____________

Back 34

photoreceptor cells

Front 35

Specialized cells in the retina that convert light energy into neural activity

Back 35

photoreceptor cells

Front 36

chemicals that respond to light

Back 36

photopigments

Front 37

the increasing ability to see in the dark overtime

Back 37

dark adaptation

Front 38

2 types of photoreceptors

Back 38

rods and cones

Front 39

cones

Back 39

color

Front 40

rods

Back 40

light

Front 41

ability to change the shape of the lens to focus objects on the retina. This becomes more difficult as the lens loses flexibility over time

Back 41

accomodation

Front 42

Visible light

Back 42

electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength from about 400 to 750 nanometers

Front 43

our sensation of sight depends on:

Back 43

light intensity= brightness
light wavelength=color

Front 44

Proprioception=

Back 44

vestibular sense

Front 45

We know where we are and what each part of our body is doing through information provided by the

Back 45

proprioceptive sensory system=vestibular system