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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
dogmatism
the tendency for people to cling to their assumptions
empiricism
originally a greek school of medicine that stressed the importance of observation in acquring knowledge
method
a set of rules and techniques for observation that allow researchers to avoid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusions that simple observation can produce
-inductive vs. deductive reasoning
-independent and dependent variables
-main effect and the interaction
-confounding variable
Things that make people difficult to study
complexity
variability
reactivity
confounding variable
where there is more than one plausible explanation
operational definition
a description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be meausured, specify the concrete events that count as instances of an abstract method
(money and wealth) money is operational definition
Nominal Measurement
put things into groups
Ordinal Measurement
ranked groups
(A is greater than B)
CESD 0-60 cut point 16, everything below 16 equally low risk for depression
Interval Measurement
assuming that all the groups are the same distance apart
Ratio Measurement
scales have a real zero
latent construct
underlying reality that humans can't see, we can only see the shadow or the hypothetical construct
-shadows on a cave wall, fire is behind you (reality) and its being projected onto the wall
-we try to measure the fire (latent construct) based on the shadows (manifestation)
-Intelligence is not the answers on an IQ test, intelligence is a manifestation of the scores of an IQ test
OBSERVED = TRUE + ERROR

MANIFESTATION = LATENT + ERROR
validity
the characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it, represents the correspondence between the observed and the true
construct validity
the tendency for an operational definition and a property to have clear conceptual relation
(weath and money)
predictive validity
the tendency for an operational definition to be related to other operational definitions
-refers to the relationship between different measures
-if smiling is linked to a property such as happiness, then it should also be linked to other operational definitions of the same property like laughing
-looking at how well scores on a test predict certain kinds of behaviors (psychopathology...give a test to normal people and give a test to people in a mental institution, difference in scores is psychopathology)
convergent validity
take a test and compare the scores with another set of similar tests, multiple tests converge on something similar
divergent validity
different tests should produce different scores, mathematic ability and reading comprehension, you want the correlation to be zero
incremental (consequential) validity
do you learn anything more valuable from a test than from a cheaper, easier, older version of a test, is it worth the money?
-is a test more valid because it is up to date?
reliability
the tendency for a measure to produce the same results whenever it is used to measure the same thing, how well a test measures what it measures
test-retest reliability
take a a test, assuming that nothing has changed when you take the test again you should get the same score
alternate form reliability
different forms of the same test produce the same scores, like the SAT
inter-rater reliability (inter observer)
refers the consistency with which raters make scores
-IQ of infants whether or not they can roll over, what consitutes rolling over?
item level (internal consistency)
if you have a test with ten items that measure the same entity, people should get the same score on each item
-the extent to which your responses to not correspond represent error
Valence and Activity chart
anxiety is active and negative, depression is negative and inactive, calmness is inactive and positive, happiness is active and positive
-correlation is perfectly positive if its 1, the extent to which its not 1 is error
power
the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things
case method
gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
population
the complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured
sample
the partial collection of people who were actually measured
law of large numbers
as sample size increases, the attributes of a sample will more closely reflect the attributes of the population from which it was drawn
frequency distribution
a graphical representation of the measurements of a sample that are arranged by the number of times each measurement was observed
normal model distribution
most measurements are concentrated around the mean and fall off toward the tails and the two sides of the distribution are symmetrical
descriptive statistics
brief summary statements that capture the essential information from a frequency distribution
-mode: most frequent measurement
-mean: average of the measurements
-median: middle measurement
-range: difference between the smallest and largest measurement
-variance and standard deviation
Demand characteristics
those aspects of a setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave
naturalistic observation
a method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
double blind
an observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researcher as well as the participant
Types of Tests (Purpose)
aptitude vs. achievement
personality
interest inventory
psychological distress
Types of Tests (Administration)
Projective Tests: Rorshach ink blots
Objective (Algorithmic) Tests: paper and pencil, easy to score, mass testing
Behavioral Ratings: given a task to perform and rated on how well you can do it
Cognitive Processes: IAT, Implicit Association Test--see something associated with something else, reaction time to push button