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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
dogmatism
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the tendency for people to cling to their assumptions
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empiricism
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originally a greek school of medicine that stressed the importance of observation in acquring knowledge
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method
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a set of rules and techniques for observation that allow researchers to avoid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusions that simple observation can produce
-inductive vs. deductive reasoning -independent and dependent variables -main effect and the interaction -confounding variable |
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Things that make people difficult to study
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complexity
variability reactivity |
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confounding variable
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where there is more than one plausible explanation
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operational definition
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a description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be meausured, specify the concrete events that count as instances of an abstract method
(money and wealth) money is operational definition |
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Nominal Measurement
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put things into groups
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Ordinal Measurement
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ranked groups
(A is greater than B) CESD 0-60 cut point 16, everything below 16 equally low risk for depression |
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Interval Measurement
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assuming that all the groups are the same distance apart
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Ratio Measurement
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scales have a real zero
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latent construct
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underlying reality that humans can't see, we can only see the shadow or the hypothetical construct
-shadows on a cave wall, fire is behind you (reality) and its being projected onto the wall -we try to measure the fire (latent construct) based on the shadows (manifestation) -Intelligence is not the answers on an IQ test, intelligence is a manifestation of the scores of an IQ test OBSERVED = TRUE + ERROR MANIFESTATION = LATENT + ERROR |
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validity
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the characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it, represents the correspondence between the observed and the true
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construct validity
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the tendency for an operational definition and a property to have clear conceptual relation
(weath and money) |
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predictive validity
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the tendency for an operational definition to be related to other operational definitions
-refers to the relationship between different measures -if smiling is linked to a property such as happiness, then it should also be linked to other operational definitions of the same property like laughing -looking at how well scores on a test predict certain kinds of behaviors (psychopathology...give a test to normal people and give a test to people in a mental institution, difference in scores is psychopathology) |
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convergent validity
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take a test and compare the scores with another set of similar tests, multiple tests converge on something similar
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divergent validity
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different tests should produce different scores, mathematic ability and reading comprehension, you want the correlation to be zero
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incremental (consequential) validity
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do you learn anything more valuable from a test than from a cheaper, easier, older version of a test, is it worth the money?
-is a test more valid because it is up to date? |
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reliability
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the tendency for a measure to produce the same results whenever it is used to measure the same thing, how well a test measures what it measures
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test-retest reliability
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take a a test, assuming that nothing has changed when you take the test again you should get the same score
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alternate form reliability
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different forms of the same test produce the same scores, like the SAT
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inter-rater reliability (inter observer)
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refers the consistency with which raters make scores
-IQ of infants whether or not they can roll over, what consitutes rolling over? |
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item level (internal consistency)
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if you have a test with ten items that measure the same entity, people should get the same score on each item
-the extent to which your responses to not correspond represent error |
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Valence and Activity chart
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anxiety is active and negative, depression is negative and inactive, calmness is inactive and positive, happiness is active and positive
-correlation is perfectly positive if its 1, the extent to which its not 1 is error |
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power
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the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things
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case method
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gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
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population
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the complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured
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sample
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the partial collection of people who were actually measured
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law of large numbers
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as sample size increases, the attributes of a sample will more closely reflect the attributes of the population from which it was drawn
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frequency distribution
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a graphical representation of the measurements of a sample that are arranged by the number of times each measurement was observed
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normal model distribution
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most measurements are concentrated around the mean and fall off toward the tails and the two sides of the distribution are symmetrical
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descriptive statistics
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brief summary statements that capture the essential information from a frequency distribution
-mode: most frequent measurement -mean: average of the measurements -median: middle measurement -range: difference between the smallest and largest measurement -variance and standard deviation |
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Demand characteristics
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those aspects of a setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave
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naturalistic observation
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a method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
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double blind
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an observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researcher as well as the participant
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Types of Tests (Purpose)
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aptitude vs. achievement
personality interest inventory psychological distress |
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Types of Tests (Administration)
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Projective Tests: Rorshach ink blots
Objective (Algorithmic) Tests: paper and pencil, easy to score, mass testing Behavioral Ratings: given a task to perform and rated on how well you can do it Cognitive Processes: IAT, Implicit Association Test--see something associated with something else, reaction time to push button |