Psych Chapter 2 (Research Methods)

Front 1

Hindsight bias

Back 1

"You knew it all along" - believing, in hindsight, that something is an obvious truth, although initially it was actually unknown to you

Front 2

False consensus

Back 2

Overestimating the extent of similarity between oneself and others (as if everyone has similar beliefs to you)

Front 3

Empiricism

Back 3

Knowledge comes from experience

Anti-dogmatist (accepting info as unquestionable and absolute)

Front 4

Experimental vs. correlational studies

Back 4

Experimental:

Cause and effect

Manipulating specific variables

Correlational:

Connectivity

Studying connections between variables

Front 5

Within-subject experiments

Back 5

Participants exposed to diff. independent variables

Front 6

Between-group experiments

Back 6

Different groups exposed to different independent variables

Front 7

Name 4 types of atudy

Back 7

Naturalist observation

Case study

Lab observation

Survey

Front 8

Naturalist observation

Back 8

Study of people/animals in own environment

Front 9

Lab observation

Back 9

Study person/animal in a controlled setting

Front 10

Case stidy

Back 10

Study one or a few individuals in depth

When looking for rather specific cases/objects of study

Front 11

Survey

Back 11

Self-reporting behavior or opinions on matters

Front 12

Observer bias

Back 12

Observer expects to see certain behavior, and thus notices that behavior more often than realistic

Front 13

Descriptive vs. inferential statistics

Back 13

Descriptive:

Summarizing data sets

Inferential:

Uses probability laws to link results to correlation rather than chance

Front 14

Correlation (value, positive & negative)

Back 14

R-value from 0-1, 1 demonstrating high correlation

(+)-correlation: both values increase/decrease together

(-)-correlation: values increase/decrease opposite

Front 15

Hypothesis and null hypothesis

Back 15

Arguing for vs. against correlation/causation

Front 16

Descriptive vs. inferential statistics

Back 16

Descriptive:

Summarizing data sets

Inferential:

Uses probability laws to link results to correlation rather than chance

Front 17

Correlation (value, positive & negative)

Back 17

R-value from 0-1, 1 demonstrating high correlation

(+)-correlation: both values increase/decrease together

(-)-correlation: values increase/decrease opposite

Front 18

Hypothesis and null hypothesis

Back 18

Arguing for vs. against correlation/causation

Front 19

Experimenter &a participant biases

Back 19

Experimenter's expectations influence study

Participant tried to help/harm experiment results

Front 20

Central tendency

Back 20

Mean, median, mode

Front 21

Statistical variability

Back 21

Range, standard deviation

Front 22

Statistical significance

Back 22

P-value < 0.05 is significant

Front 23

Demand characteristics

Back 23

Factors that influence participant behavior to fit how they believe they should act for the experiment