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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Replication
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Repetition of an experiment to confirm the results
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Theory
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A model of interconnected ideas and concepts that explains what is observes and makes predictions about future events.
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Hypothesis
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A specific prediction of what should be observed in the world if a theory is correct.
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Research
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Scientific process that involved the systematic and careful collection of data.
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Data
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Objective observations of measurements.
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Variable
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Something in the world that can be measured and that can vary
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Operational Definition
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The quantification of a variable that allows it to be measured.
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Experiment
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A study that rests causal hypotheses by measuring and manipulating variables.
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Independent Variable
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In an experiment, the condition that is manipulated by the experimenter to examine its impact on the dependent variable.
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Dependent Variable
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In an experiment, the measure that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable.
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Confound
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Anything that affects a dependent variable that may unintentionally vary between the different experimental conditions of a study.
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Random assignment
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the procedure for placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in which each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable.
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Correlational Study
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A study research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them.
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Third-Variable Problem
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When the experimenter cannot directly manipulate the independent variable and therefore cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the dependent variable.
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Descriptive Study
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A research method that involves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals in order to provide a systematic and objective analysis of behavior.
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Naturalistic Observation
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A passive descriptive study in which observers do not change or alter ongoing behavior
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Participant Observation
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A typer of descriptive study in which the researcher is actively involved in the situation
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Observational technique
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A research method of careful and systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior.
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Reactivity
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The effect that occurs when the knowledge that one is being observes alters the behavior being observes
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Observer bias
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Systematic errors in observation that occur due to an observer's expectations.
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Experimenter expectancy effect
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Actual change in behavior of the people or animals being observed that is due to observer bias.
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Self-report method
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A method of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires or surveys.
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Socially Desirable Responding
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When people respond to a question in a way that is most socially acceptable or that makes them look good.
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Case Study
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A research method that involves the intensive examination of one person
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Response performance
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A research method in which researchers quantify perceptual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus
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Reaction time
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a quantification of performance behavior that measures the speed of a response
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Psychophysiological assessment
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A research method that examines how changes in bodily functions are associated with behavior or mental state.
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Electropysiology
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A method of data collection that measures electrical activity in the brain.
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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A method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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A method of brain imaging that produces high-quality images of the brain.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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An imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain.
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Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
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Groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well-being of research participants.
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Informed consent
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A process in which people are given full information about a study, which allows them to make a knowledgeable decision about whether or not to participate
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Validity
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The extent to which the data collected address the research hypothesis in the way intended.
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Reliability
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The extent to which a measure is stable and consistent over time in similar conditions.
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Accuracy
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The extent to which an experimental measure is free from error.
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Central Tendency
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A measure that represents the typical behavior of the group as a whole.
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Mean
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A measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers.
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Median
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A measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls exactly in the halfway point between the lowest and highest values.
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Mode
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A measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score on value in a set of numbers.
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Variability
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In a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean.
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Standard Deviation
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A statistical measure of how far away each value is on average from the mean.
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Correlation
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A statistical procedure that provides a numerical value, between +1 and -1, indicating the strength and direction of the relation between two variables.
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Inferential Statistics
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A set of procedures used to make judgments about whether differences actually exist between sets of numbers.
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