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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality |
defined as the distinctive, and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize, a persons response to life situations. |
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psychodynamic perspective |
personality is an energy system |
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psychic energy |
generated by instinctual drives pressing for release |
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ID |
present at birth, the most inner core of personality. Biological drives such as eating, sleeping, and sex. pleasure principle: maximize pleasure, minimize pain. seeks immediate gratification. Primary process theory: if reality can't meet needs, fantasy will |
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Ego |
second to develop Reality principal: has contact with reality so it can tell the ID when it can release its impulses. |
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superego |
last to develop, in charge of morals. ideas internalized from parents and society. controls the ego with pride and guilt. |
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3 sources of anxiety |
reality anxiety: fear of real world threats neurotic anxiety: fear of impulses by the ID moral anxiety: fear of the superego's guilt. |
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defence mechanism |
to deny or distort reality to deal with anxiety |
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repression |
pushed to subconcious |
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sublimation |
dealing with it in a socially acceptable manner |
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regression |
mentally returning to an earlier safer state |
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intellectualization |
situation treated as an intellectual interesting event |
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reaction formation |
exaggerated opposite behaviour |
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conversion |
conflict changes into a physical symptom |
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isolation |
memories are allowed back but with no motives or emotion |
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displaction |
using a secondary goal as an outlet |
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rationalization |
"if i cant get what i want, it wasn't good anyway" |
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Dreams |
not constrained by reality and morality. anxiety can still be aroused in dreams. can have latent and manifest content. |
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free association |
patient is to say anything no matter how trivial, embarrassing, or irrelevant and analysts look for associations and resistance |
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errors of speech and memory |
freud believes absent mindedness is motivated |
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evaluating psychoanalytic theory |
most propositions have no held up in research difficult to make clear cut behavioural predictions. limited data, bias, conceptual. |
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neoanalysts |
disagreed with certain aspects of freuds thinking and came up with their own theories |
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Adler |
humans are motivated by social interests and desire to advance the welfare of others, they care about others, cooperate with them. humans strive for superiority which drives people to compensate for real or imagined defects in themselves |
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Jung |
analytic psychology: humans have a personal and collective unconscious that consists of memories throughout the entire history of the human race. these memories are represented by archetypes: inherited tendencies to interpret experience in certain ways. |
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object relations |
focuses on the mental representations that people form of themselves and others early in life. models for later relationships. |
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humanistic perspective |
the emphasize the central role of conscious experience as well as the individuals creative potential and in born striving for self actualization |
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George Kelly's personal construct theory |
peoples primary goal is to make meaning out o the world. personal constructs: cognitive categories into which they sort the people and events in their lives. they use this to construct reality |
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Carl Rogers self theory |
behaviour is a response to ones immediate conscious experience of oneself and the environment. forces that direct behaviour are within us, when they are not distorted, they can guide us towards self actualization. |
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self and self consistency |
self: organized, consistant, set of perceptions about oneself self consistency: absence of conflict among self perceptions |
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congruence |
consistency between self perceptions and experiences. when there is conflict you experience anxiety. |
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conditions of worth and fully functioning persons |
conditions of worth: dictate when we approve of ourselves fully functioning persons: have achieved self actualization, don't hide behind masks. |
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self esteem |
how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves. people with high self esteem are less susceptible to pressure, achieve higher, happier.. etc |
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self verification |
need to persevere self concept by maintaining self consistency and congruence -people are more likely to recall adjective that are consistent with their self concept. |
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self enhancement |
need to regard themselves positively. attributing success to personal factors and failures to environmental factors. |
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evaluating humanistic perspective |
humanistic views relies too much on individual reports of experiences impossible to define actualization in terms of behaviour without using circular reasoning |
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Trait/biological perspective (factor analysis) |
factor analysis allows researchers to find out which behaviours are correlated with each other. |
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Cattells 16 personality factors |
asked thousands of people to rate themselves and found 16 basic behavioural clusters. he developed profiles for individuals and distinct groups |
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Eysenck |
started with two traits: introversion-extroversion and stability-instability and then added a third: psychotics self control which is creativity, tendency toward nonconformity) |
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Five factor model |
five universal factors: openness, conciountiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. they have 6 sub categories under each of them called faucets |
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stability of personality traits |
introversion/extroversion, optimisum/pessimism tend to be stable but things like honesty and concientiousness are different depending on the situation. |
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Social cognitive theorists |
focus on both internal and external causes of personality reciprocal determinism: person, behaviour, and environment all influence each other. |
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Rotter |
whether we do something is determined by: -expectancy:what we cause the behaviour to cause -reinforcment: how much we desire or dread the expected outcome (internal/external locos of control, internal: life outcomes are under personal control. external: life outcomes are because of luck and chance) |
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Bandura |
humans are active agents in their own lives. -intentionality -forethought -self reactiveness -self reflectiveness SELF EFFICACY |
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self efficacy (bandura) |
beliefs concerning ones ability to perform what is needed. -previous performance -observational learning -verbal persuasion -emotional arousal |
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mischel |
we need to consider individual ways of percieving and understanding events consistancy paradox: we expect, high consistency of personality but in reality it varies with situations. cognitive affective personality system: both the person and the situation matter if-then behaviour consistencies: there is constancy in behaviour in similar situations. |
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interviews |
structured interveiws-standardized must look at more than what they are just saying, appearance, posture..etc limitations are that the interviewer reflects the result and the interviewee might not be honest |
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personality scales |
standard set of questions, easy to score -rational approach: items are based on the theorists conception of the personality trait to be measured. -empirical approach: items were chosen because previous research shows items were answered differently by different groups known to differ in personality trusts. |
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remote behavioural sampling |
using a device to randomly ask respondents about their current feelings |
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projective tests |
-rorschach inkblots, unreliable between examiners, scoring system developed to help -themative apperception test: less ambiguous, useful if scoring is standardized. |
