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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
social cognition
the study of how people use cognitive processes- such as perception, memory, thought, and emotion- to help make sense of other people as well as themselves
social schema
a general knowledge structure, stored in long term memory, that relates to social experiences or people
stereotypes
the collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members; common stereotypes include those based on gender, race, and age.
self-fulfilling prophecy effect
a condition in which our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in the expected way.
prejudice
positive or negative evaluations of a group and its members
discrimination
behaviors that are directed against members of a group
attributions
the inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to behavior
external attribution
attributing the cause of a persons behavior to an external even or situation in the environment
internal attribution
attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition
fundamental attribution error
when people seek to interpret someone else's behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors
actor-observer effect
the overall tendency to attribute our own behavior to external sources but to attribute the behavior of others to internal sources
self-serving bias
the tendency to make internal attributions about one's own behavior when the outcome is positive and to blame the situation when one's behavior leads to something negative
attitude
a positive or negative evaluation or belief held about something, which in turn may affect ones behavior; attitudes are typically broken down into cognitive, affective, and behavioral components
elaboration likelihood model
a model proposing two primary routes to persuasion and attitude change: a central route, which operates when we are motivated and focusing our attention on the message, and a peripheral route, which operates when we are either unmotivated to process the message or are unable to do so
source characteristics
features of the person who is presenting a persuasive message, such as his or her attractiveness, amount of power, or fame
cognitive dissonance
the tension produced when people act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes
self-perception theory
the idea that people use observations of their own behavior as a basis for inferring their internal beliefs
social influence
the study of how the behaviors and thoughts of individuals are affected by the presence of others
social facilitation
the enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others
social interference
the impairment in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs i the presence of others
altruism
acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others
bystander effect
the reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present
diffusion of responsibility
the idea that when people know (or think) that others are present in a situation, they allow their sense of responsibility for action to diffuse, or spread out widely, among those who are present
social loafing
the tendency to put out less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone
deindividuation
the loss of individuality, or depersonalization, that comes from being in a group
conformity
the tendency to comply with the wishes of the group; when people conform, their opinions, feelings, and behaviors generally start to move toward the group norm
in-group
a group of individuals with whom one shares features in common or with whom one identifies
group polarization
the tendency for a groups dominant point of view to become stronger and more extreme with time
groupthink
the tendency for members of a group to become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress dissenting views
obedience
the form of compliance that occurs when people respond to the orders of an authority figure
reciprocity
the tendency for people to return in kind the feelings that are shown toward them
passionate love
an intense emotional state characterized by a powerful longing to be with a specific person; passionate love is marked by a combination of intimacy and passion, but commitment may be lacking. (See Cowboy)
compassionate love
a kind of emotional attachment characterized by feelings of trust and companionship; companionate love is marked by a combination of intimacy and commitment, but passion may be lacking