Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Emotion |
A complex psychological state or response |
|
|
3 components of emotion |
Physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, consciously experienced thoughts and feelings |
|
|
Importance of emotions |
Distinguish and prioritise stimuli; make certain memories/things more important than others |
|
|
3 other functions of emotion |
Trigger behaviour, decision-making, functional relationships |
|
|
Basic 6 emotions + 3 |
fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness + contempt, shame, guilt |
|
|
Common components of all emotions |
physiological arousal (high or low), psychological valence (+ or -) |
|
|
3 theories of emotion |
James-Lange, Cannon-Baird, Schachter-Singer |
|
|
James-Lange theory |
arousal comes before emotion; our body drives our emotional state |
|
|
Theory: Increased heart rate = fear |
James-Lange |
|
|
Cannon-Baird theory |
Arousal and emotion are simultaneous; physiology and subjective experiences occur at the same time |
|
|
Theory: Stimulus leads to both pounding heart and fear |
Cannon-Baird |
|
|
Schachter-Singer Theory |
Two-factor: emotion is driven by physical arousal and cognitive labeling of arousal state |
|
|
Theory: pounding heart and label of "I'm afraid" leads to fear |
Schachter-Singer |
|
|
The Two-Track Brain |
Emotions that do not require conscious appraisal take low neural pathway, bypassing the cortex to directly express emotion |
|
|
3 characteristics of the basic emotions |
Biologically determined, culturally universal, usually experienced in blends |
|
|
How soon are basic emotions biologically determined |
Within 18 months of birth |
|
|
Sensory cortex in emotion |
Senses our emotions: focus on hands, face; where we sense outside world and our own movements |
|
|
Motor cortex in emotion |
Expresses our emotions: Focus on hands, face where we control our movements |
|
|
Darwin's findings on universal emotions
|
Common core set of emotions in all humans |
|
|
Recent findings on universal emotions, 2 examples |
Different cultures express core emotional states in different ways; Eye movement important in Asia; Facial features important in Europe |
|
|
2 basic purposes of anger |
Evolutionary (the fight response) and adaptive |
|
|
Adaptive anger |
High arousal, aggression as a response to threat/injustice |
|
|
Problems with adaptive anger |
Leads to unnecessary small annoyances; physical and emotional harm when chronic |
|
|
Venting anger: theory, 1 pro, 2 cons |
Productive, calming; through aggressive thoughts/actions reduce rage; pro is temporary release of emotion; cons: aggressive feedback from others, reinforcement of more anger |
|
|
Individual anger expression in culture |
Allows verbal/physical expressions of anger, such as sports |
|
|
Interdependent anger expression in culture |
Discourages verbal/physical expression, e.g. shouting vase |
|
|
Best response to anger |
Calm, controlled, constructive responses; stepping back, letting nervous system reassert control |
|
|
Disgust |
Only emotion directly related to smell |
|
|
5 facial characteristics of disgust
|
Eyebrows pulled down, nose wrinkled, upper lip pulled back, lips loose |
|
|
Contempt |
Complex cognitive variation of disgust |
|
|
2 facial characteristics of contempt |
Eyes neutral, one corner of lips pulled back (the only unilateral expression) |
|
|
Fear (evolutionary response) |
Flight response |
|
|
Source of many common fears |
Old or modifications of old responses (evolutionary, societal) |
|
|
3 facial characteristics of joy/happiness |
Muscles around eyes tightened, cheeks raised, lip corners raised diagonally |
|
|
7 feelings caused by happiness |
Safe, confident, decisive, cooperative, tolerant, healthy, satisfied |
|
|
Feel good - do good phenomenon |
Tendency to be helpful when in a good mood |
|
|
happiness homeostasis |
Comparing current happiness to own experiences; adaptation; "set point" for happiness |
|
|
happiness relativity |
Comparing to success of others; relative deprivation hypothesis |
|
|
3 different types of happiness |
Pleasant, engaged, meaningful |
|
|
Universal nonverbal expression of emotion |
Facial expressions innate/instinctive |
|
|
4 nonverbal expressions of emotion |
Facial expression, gestures, tone of voice, body position |
|
|
Cultural impact on expression of emotion |
Gestures and degree to which emotion is expressed |
|
|
Effect of expression on emotion |
Can cause emotion; physical changes or change in face |
|
|
Microexpressions |
Many facial expressions, not all available to consciousness; <1/4 sec |
|
|
% of time we can detect lies
|
55% of time, 1% of people all the time |
|
|
Reliability of polygraphs/lie detectors |
Not reliable |
|
|
Our faith in our lying ability |
We believe we're better at lying and detecting lies than we actually are |
|
|
How to detect lies |
Long-term behaviour analysis and interrogation, looking for discrepancies |
|
|
Social labelling of liars |
Common idea that liars avoid eye contact, slouch, is to make liars ashamed |
|
|
Eye contact meaning in Europe/North America |
Attentive, honest, confident, respectful, too much = aggression |
|
|
Eye contact meaning in Latin America/Asia/Africa |
Impertinence, confrontation, aggression, lack of respect, lowered eyes = respect |
|
|
Eye contact meaning in Islam |
Same as in North America, but only to same sex; otherwise, lower eyes in respect |
|
|
Most common neg. emotions reported by women |
Sadness, fear, guilt |
|
|
Most commonly neg. emotions reported by men |
Anger, hostility, rage |
|
|
Significance of difference in brain structures between sexes |
Not much impact on daily life; more overlap than difference |
|
|
Darwin's findinsgs: emotions in animals |
Concluded animals have physiological processes and therefore emotions |
|
|
3 attributes of dog expressions |
Staring = aggression, facial recognition at same level as 2 year old human, humanlike facial expressions |
|
|
Physiological constraints of other animals |
Same as humans, although emotions less complex |
|
|
Control of emotions in animals (brain) |
Neural systems, glandular and hormone secretions |
|
|
Current best model of human behaviour |
Two-track mind; not perfect |
