Psych Chapter 11

Front 1

actualizing tendency

Back 1

An innate inclination toward growth and fulfilment that motivates all human behavior.

Front 2

anal stage

Back 2

The second of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which the focus of pleasure shifts from the mouth to the anus; occurs during the second year of life.

Front 3

conditions of worth

Back 3

According to Rogers, circumstances in which an individual experiences positive regard from others only when displaying certain behaviors or attitudes.

Front 4

defense mechanisms

Back 4

Unconscious tactics that either prevent threatening material from surfacing or disguise it when it does.

Front 5

ego

Back 5

According to Freud, the part of the personality that makes compromises and mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world.

Front 6

Electra complex

Back 6

The notion that young girls develop an attachment to the father and compete with the mother for the father’s attention.

Front 7

Five Factor Personality Model (also called the Big Five Personality Model)

Back 7

A view based on studies using factor analysis that suggests the existence of five basic components of human personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Front 8

genital stage

Back 8

The fifth and last of Freud’s psychosexual stages, when sexual impulses begin to appear at the conscious level; begins during adolescence.

Front 9

humanistic psychology

Back 9

The school of psychology in which human behavior is viewed as being controlled by the decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world.

Front 10

id

Back 10

According to Freud, a personality component containing basic instincts, desires, and impulses with which all people are born.

Front 11

latency period

Back 11

The fourth of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which sexual impulses become dormant and the child focuses on education and other matters; usually begins during the fifth year of life.

Front 12

nonprojective personality measures

Back 12

Tests that list clear, specific questions, statements, or concepts to which people are asked to respond.

Front 13

Oedipal complex

Back 13

The notion that young boys’ impulses involve sexual feelings for the mother and the desire to eliminate the father.

Front 14

oral stage

Back 14

The first of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which the mouth is the center of pleasure; occurs during the first year of life.

Front 15

personality

Back 15

The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people.

Front 16

personality traits

Back 16

A set of stable characteristics that people display over time and across situations.

Front 17

phallic stage

Back 17

The third of Freud’s psychosexual stages, in which the focus of pleasure shifts to the genital area; last from approximate age three to age five.

Front 18

pleasure principle

Back 18

The operating principle of the id, which guides people toward whatever feels good.

Front 19

projective personality measures

Back 19

Personality tests made up of relatively unstructured stimuli in which responses are seen as reflecting the individuals’ unconscious needs, fantasies, conflicts, thought patterns, and other aspects of personality.

Front 20

psychoanalytic theory

Back 20

Freud’s view that human behavior and personality are determined largely by psychological factors, many of which are unconscious.

Front 21

psychodynamic approach

Back 21

A view developed by Freud that emphasizes unconscious mental processes in explaining human thought, feelings, and behavior.

Front 22

psychosexual development

Back 22

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, personality development in which internal and external conflicts focus on particular issues during particular periods or stages.

Front 23

reality principle

Back 23

The operating principle of the ego, which takes into account the constraints of the social world.

Front 24

self-actualization

Back 24

The reaching of one’s fullest potential; the complete realization of a person’s talents, faculties, and abilities.

Front 25

self-concept

Back 25

The way one thinks of oneself.

Front 26

self-efficacy

Back 26

According to Bandura, the learned expectation of success in given situations.

Front 27

social-cognitive approach

Back 27

An approach that views personality as a label that summarizes the unique patterns of thinking and behavior that a person learns.

Front 28

superego

Back 28

According to Freud, the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do.

Front 29

trait approach

Back 29

A perspective on personality that views it as the combination of stable characteristics that people display over time and across situations.