Psych Chapter 11

Front 1

retention interval

Back 1

the period between a learning experience and its recall
Ex: Seen a friend on Tues at 10 am, then asked at 10 pm if you have seen them today, retention interval 12 hours

Front 2

short- term memory

Back 2

memory for events following a retention interval shorter than one minute, often a matter seconds
Ex: looking at a telephone number and remembering it long enough to dial it

Front 3

long-term memory

Back 3

memory for events following a retention interval longer than those of short-term memory, sometimes up to years
Similar: both are defined by retention interval

Front 4

declarative memory

Back 4

deals with information that can be declared, or expressed, usually in words
Ex: knowing your name

Front 5

semantic memory

Back 5

memory for information about the world
Ex: we know information about history; know that Colmbus came to america in 1492

Front 6

episodic memory/autobiographical/event

Back 6

memory for personally experienced events, or episodes, of our lives
Ex: memory of when I broke my toe playing soccer

Front 7

nondeclarative memory

Back 7

deals with knowledge that cannot be expressed; implicit knowledge
Ex: pavlovian conditioning; bitten by dog and later are afraid of dogs; this conditioned fear is a nondeclarative memory

Front 8

procedural memory

Back 8

memory for procedures (part of nondeclarative)
Ex: know how to cut your food with fork and knife

Front 9

Where do memories live

Back 9

hippocampus: formation of long term memories
frontal: semantic

Front 10

we do not have memories

Back 10

we have experiences, experiences change our behavior and our brain

Front 11

forgetting

Back 11

deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice
Ex: after discrim. training rat learned to press lever for food but not when light is on; if we remove it from chamber and return it later; may find that it presses lever whether light is on or not; rat has forgotten discrim. training

Front 12

reminiscence

Back 12

improvement in performance following a retention interval
Ex: rats given avoidance training but discont. training before skill mastered; test rats right after when their perform. was best and then it declined; perform. improved again matching their best performance 24 hrs. after training ended

Front 13

state-dependent learning

Back 13

learning that occurs during a particular physiological state and is lost when that physiological state passes
Ex: rats given tranquilizing drug & taught to run maze; when drug effects had warn of the rats appeared to have forgotten their earlier learning

Front 14

free call

Back 14

measured forgetting where individual is given opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior following a retention interval
Ex: student required to learn poem by heart & then recites it again after period of time

Front 15

prompted or cued recall

Back 15

method of measured forgetting in which hints, or prompts, about the behavior to be performed are provided
Ex: person who has studied list of French words; may be given list of anagrams of words; task woudl be to unscramble the letters

Front 16

relearning method [savings method]

Back 16

measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance
Ex: man memorized list of nonsense syllables until he could produce list twice; after retention interval he relearned list; if it took fewer trials to learn list second time, savings provided measure of forgetting

Front 17

recognition

Back 17

method of measured forgetting in which the subject is required to identify stimuli experienced earlier
Ex: person may be shown list of French words and asked to say which ones were on a list learned earlier

Front 18

delayed matching to sample

Back 18

method of measured forgetting in which the opportunity to match a sample follows a retention interval
Ex: if bird pecks disk that matches sample

Front 19

extinction method

Back 19

method of measured forgetting by comparing rate of extinction after a retention interval with the rate of extinction immediately after training

Front 20

gradient degradation

Back 20

method of measured forgetting in which a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention interval; flattening of generalization gradient indicates forgetting

Front 21

variables in forgetting

Back 21

degree of learning, prior learning, subsequent learning, context

Front 22

overlearning

Back 22

continuation of training beyond the point required to produce one errorless performance

Front 23

fluency

Back 23

number of correct responses per minute

Front 24

proactive interference

Back 24

forgetting caused by learning that occur prior to the behavior in question
Ex: student is learning about Civil War after studying Revolutionary War, may have trouble remembering events of Civil War due to this

Front 25

paired associate learning

Back 25

a learning task involving pairing of words or other stimuli in which the subject is presented with the first item of a pair and is expected to produce the second item
Ex: person learns list of word pairs, such as hungry-beautiful, and when given "hungry" produces second word "beautiful"

Front 26

retroactive interference

Back 26

forgetting caused by learning that occurred subsequent to the behavior in question
Ex: person has trouble recalling old telephone number because they get it mixed up with their new one

Front 27

cue-dependent forgetting

Back 27

forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were present during training
Ex: rats learn to run a black maze; forgetting was evident when the maze was a diff. color from maze used in training

Front 28

foraging

Back 28

forgetting curve may be far less steep when what is learned is importantt o survival

Front 29

mnemonic

Back 29

any device for aiding recall
Ex: rhyme; "thirty days hath septemver, april, june, and november"

Front 30

mnemonic system

Back 30

any of several systems for aiding recall
method of loci + peg word system

Front 31

method of loci

Back 31

each item to be recalled is placed in a distinctive spot in an imagine scene

Front 32

peg word system

Back 32

one memorizes a list of "pegs" on which items can later be hung