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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Learning
(3 types) |
relatively permanent change in an organism behavior due to experience
(classical, operant, observational) |
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Neutral Stimulus
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no effect or responce
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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automatically and naturally triggers a responce
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an UCS comes to trigger a responce
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Conditioned Responce (CR)
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learned responce to a previously neutral stimulus
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Generalization
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tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responces
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discrimination
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in classical conditioning: the learned ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli that do not signal UCS
(the opposite of generalization) |
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Extinction
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(classical conditioning)diminishing a CR when a USC doesn't follow CS.
(operant conditioning) when a responce is no longer enforced, and no longer associating |
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Sponateous Recovery
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reappearance after a rest period of an extinguiashed CR
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Biological Prediposition
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"The Garcia Effect" each specie has a preparedness to learn associations that enhance survival
(Bird=sight, Humans=Taste) |
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Operant Conditioning
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type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminshed if followed by punishment
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Positive reinforcement
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Adding a desirable stimulus
(getting a hug) |
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Negative reinforcement
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removing an aversive stimulus, avoidance or escape
(buckle seatbelt to avoid beeping) |
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positive punishment
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administer an aversive stimulus
(spanking or a parking ticket) |
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negative punishment
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withdrawl of a desirable stimulus
(timeout from privledges, lisence revoked) |
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descriminative stimulus
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(operant conditioning) stimulus/cue signaling a responce will be reinforced
(seeing the word SALE) |
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shaping
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reinforcers guide the behavior toward the desired target behavior through succesive approximation
(rats are shaped to sniff our mines) |
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing the desired responce each time it occurs
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partial or intermittent reinforcement
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reinforcing a responce only part of the time, slower aquisition, greater resistance to extinction
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fixed ratio (FR)
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reinforces a responce only after a specified # of responces, the faster you respond= more rewards.different ratios, high rate of responding
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variable interval (VI)
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reinforces at an unpredictable time interval, slow steady responding
(pop quiz) |
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Fixed Interval (FI)
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reinforces a responce at a specific time, responce occurs more frequently
(mail delivery) |
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Variable Ratio (VR)
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reinforces a responce after an unpredicatable # of responces, average ratios, hard to extinguish
(gambling or fishing) |
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primary reinforcement
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innately reinforcing a stimulus satisfies a biological need
(rat gets food for pressing a lever) |
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secondary/conditioned reinforcement
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learned reinforcer that gains it's power through association with primary reinforcement
(a pay check at the end of the week) |
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cognitive maps
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mental representation of the layout of ones environment
(rats explore a maze) |
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latent learning
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learning occurs but is not apparent until there is anincentive to demonstrate
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intristic motivation
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desire to perform a behavior for it's own sake
(play music, volenteer) |
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extrinsic motivation
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desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
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observational learning
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learning by observing others
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modeling
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(observational) process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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attention
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the extent to which we focus on others behaviors
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retention
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our ability to retaina representation of others behaviors in memory
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production processes
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our ability to act on attentio nad retention representations
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motivation
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the usefulness to use the info required
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difference between classical, operant and observational conditioning
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classic: involentary/ automatic
operant: vonentary observe: watch and learn |
