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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is Sensation? |
When our sensory receptors (e.g. eyes) and nervous system
Receives and represents stimuli (e.g. light) |
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What is Perception? |
Organization and interpretation of sensory information
Enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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What is the Neurological process of sensation? |
Reception: sensory receptors stimulated by energy
Transduction: transforms cell stimulation into neural impulse
Transmission: delivering neural information to the brain |
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What is Bottom-up Processing? |
Analysis of the stimulus
Starts with the sense receptors and works up to brain |
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What is Top-down Processing? |
Information processes are guided by higher-levels of mental processes as we construct perceptions,
Drawing on our experiences and expectations |
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What is Signal Detection Theory? |
Predicts how and when we will detect a faint stimulus amid background noise
Both intensity and psychological factors can affect our threshold |
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What is Absolute Threshold? |
The minimum amount of stimulation required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time |
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What is a Subliminal Perception? |
Stimulation below ones absolute threshold |
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What is Difference Threshold? (Just noticeable difference; JND) |
The minimum difference between two stimulus required to be detected 50% of the time |
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What is Weber's law? |
To perceive a difference Two stimuli must differ
By a constant minimum percentage (not constant amount) |
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What is Subliminal Stimuli? |
Stimuli that are too weak or brief to consciously detect 50% of the time |
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What is Subliminal Persuasion? |
Includes embeded and sub-audible messages
Results largely due to placebo effect (subliminal priming) |
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What is Sensory Adaptation? |
Diminished sensitivity from constant stimulation |
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What is a Perceptual Set? |
Mental Tendencies and assumptions that affect perseption of our senses (top down)
Schemas influence preception of ambiguous stimuli |
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What is the Context Effect? |
A stimuli may be perceived differently Because of the immediate context (wording) |
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What are the 8 parts of the eye? |
Cornea Iris Pupil Lens Retina Fovea Optic nerve Blind spot (optic disk) |
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What is the Cornea? |
Bend's light waves to focus images on the retina |
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What is the Iris? |
Controls the size of the pupil |
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What is a Pupil? |
Changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment |
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What is a Lens? |
Changes shape to bring objects into Focus |
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What is the Retina? |
Contains photoreceptors cells |
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What is the Fovea? |
Central area of retina where vision is clearest
Greatest density of photoreceptors |
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What is the Optic Nerve? |
Sends visual information to the brain |
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What is the Optic Disc? |
The visual field that produces no sensation on the retina Blind spot |
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What are Rods? |
Sensitive to faint light, periphery, and Black and White
Outside of fovea |
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What are Cones? |
Sensitive to detail and color Mostly concentrated in fovea |
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How does the brain turn light stimuli into useful information about the world? |
Optic nerve Thalamus Visual cortex
Amplitude (brightness): taller=brighter Wavelength (color): short=blue; long=red |
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What are the Two Stages of Color Vision? |
Trichromatic Theory Opponent process Theory |
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What is Trichromatic Theory? |
Three types of cones (red, green, and blue cones)
Respond differently to different colour stimuli |
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What is Opponent Process Theory? |
Colour is controlled by opponents systems: blue-yellow red-green white-black
E.g. some cells are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
Explains afterimages |
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What is Feature Detectors? |
Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features Such as edges, lines, and angles |
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What is Parallel Processing? |
The brain processes several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously |
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How do you organize and interpret the shape and color into meaningful perceptions? |
Into an organized whole or Gestalt |
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What are Binocular Cues? |
Depth Cues that depend on the two eyes
E.g. visual cliff and retinal disparity |
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What are Monocular Cues? |
Depth cues available to each eye separately
E.g. interposition, relative motion, light and Shadow, linear perspective, and relative size |
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What is Perceptual Consistency? |
Perceiving an objects as unchanged in shape, size, lighting or colour
Despite changes in illumination and retinal image |
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What are Sound Waves? |
Consists of compressed and expanding air molecules
Amplitude: taller=louder Frequency: longer=deeper Measured in decibel dB |
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What is Place Theory in Hearing? |
Pitch is heard at the place where the Cochlea's Membrane is stimulated
Explains High pitch |
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What is Frequency Theory in Hearing? |
The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone
Explains low pitches |
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What are the 4 distinct Skin Senses that compose Sense of Touch? |
Pain Heat Cold Pressure |
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What is the Gate-Control Theory of Pain? |
Neurological Gates in the spinal cord either block or allow pain
Small nerves carry pain signals Large nerves carry other sensory signals |
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What is Phantom Limb Pain? |
Ongoing painful Sensation from an amputated limb |
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What are the five taste receptors? |
Sweet: energy source Salty: physiological processes Sour: potentially toxic acid Bitter: potentially poisonous Umami: protein to grow and repair tissues |
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How do we Smell? |
The olfactory bulbs analyzes smells in the limbic system
Connects the amygdala (emotional processing) and the hippocampus (memory) |
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What is the MuGurk effect? |
Shows how seeing one thing while hearing another can result in the perception of a new sound |
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What is an Embodied Condition? |
Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states
On cognitive preferences and judgments |
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