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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define learning
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relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of an experiences
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name two types of learning? H/A
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habituation - when you stop responding to a repetitive stimulus, and making associations - linking events
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John Watson says, what determines learning?
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the environment
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what is the unconditioned stimulus?
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it automatically triggers/illisits a response, it occours automatically!
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unconditioned response is what..
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occurs automatically
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conditioned stimulus is a...
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a previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response
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conditioned response..is a
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result of the stimulus
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classical conditioning is..
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a type of learning when two stimuli are being associated (example, food powder and lab assistant).
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what does the word "acquisition" mean?
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its a part of the process
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what is "extinction"
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a dying off of a response when the UC stimulus is no longer present
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what is second order conditioning?
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compare/pair up two similar colored/looking things like Albert and the rat and the candy cane
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what is operant conditioning?
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behavior, and consequences of behavior
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what are the 4 consequences of behavior?
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reinforcement, punishment, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement,
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what is positive reinforcement?
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presenting something desirable after
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what is negative reinforcement?
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taking away something unpleasent
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what does punishment mean?
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less likely for the behavior to occur after
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what is the method of shaping?
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develop behaviors by this level of training
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reinforcement and punishment must follow...
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close in time in order to effect behavior!
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what is a fixed interval?
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behavior that is enforced only after an exact amount of time. (a specific amount of time has to go by).
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what is a fixed ratio?
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you don't get re-enforced until an exact amount of behaviors is exhibited
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what is a variable interval?
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the average amount of time that has to elapse before the next behavior is re-enforced
-example: if you have a test every 4 weeks but aren't told when it's going to happen |
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what is a variable ratio?
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average amount of behaviors (#)
-example: slot machines, average # of buttons pressed |
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what is memory?
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the ability to store information and retrieve information over time
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define encoding:
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when we transform what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory
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what is elaborative encoding?
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relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
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what is visual imagery encoding?
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information presented to you that you turn into a visual memory!
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what is organizational encoding?
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example: encoding words alphabetically to help you remember things/make the permanent
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what is the definition of storage?
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the process of maintaining information in memory over time
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what is short term memory? how long does information last?
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holds 7+-2 items/pieces of information, can be seconds or minutes for how long info is stored
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what is the sensory memory?
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storing sensory information for a brief amount of time,
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what is long term memory?
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information that lasts for more than 10 minutes
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what are two problems with LTM?
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1. need to verify the issue (make sure it happened!)
2. how long foes the memory last? who is going to test it/keep track for that long? |
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what are the two types of LTM?
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explicit and implicit.
meaning: explicit= conscious implicit=non conscious |
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in explicit memory, what is semantic memory?
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information about the world you know
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in explicit memory what is episodic memory?
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information about your life/autobiographical memory
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in implicit memory, what is procedural memory?
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has to do with skills, example: tying your shoes
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in implicit memory what is priming?
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its about how you exposure can influence your behavior
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what is working memory?
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the active processing of information in short storage
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what's priming?
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it's how exposure to something can influence your behavior
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the visuaspatial sketchpad maintains...
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visual information
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what is anterograde amnesia?
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the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store
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what is retrograde amnesia?
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the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of injury or operation
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what is the encoding specificity principle?
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our thoughts and feelings that we felt at that time are encoded so we can retrieve it again
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what is state dependent retrieval?
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the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
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what is procedural memory?
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knowing skills as a result of practice/knowing how to do things!
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what the heck is memory misattribution?
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when you assign or apply an idea to the wrong source
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source memory is when...
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when you know when, where and how the information was acquired
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define bias:
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our previous experiences and beliefs and feelings - effected by distorting influences of our new present knowledge
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flashbulb memories are when
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you have detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
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persistence is....
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stuff we wish we could forget
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discrimination is when..
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you have the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
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biological preparedness is...when
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some behaviors are relatively easy to condition in some species but not others
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latent learning is when
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when you learn something but it does not take effect on your behavior until the future
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implicit learning is when..a child..
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learns how to behave in a civilized way through experience
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