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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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altruism |
accepting some disadvantage to ourselves in order to help others
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kin selection |
helping your closest relatives survive, even at a cost to your own survival or reproduction |
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the prisoners dilemma |
a person must choose between a cooperative act or an act that is beneficial to him and hurtful to others |
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cultural transmission |
we learn to cooperate instead of compete because other members of our community will punish us for not exhibiting some altruistic behavior |
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bystander apathy |
people fail to intervene sometimes during a crime or accident |
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Kitty Genovese |
she was assaulted and killed in Queens in front of 38 bystanders who did nothing to help her. This is how social psychology came up - John Darley was the psychologist who was the one to want to figure out why these people did nothing - he figured out that people tend to look at other peoples reactions before they react themselves if they are in a group and will do nothing if the rest of the group does nothing. -if person is alone they tend to do something |
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social loafing |
tendency to loaf or do less work in groups |
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social perception |
a mental process that helps us to collect and remember info about others and to make inferences based on that info |
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primacy effect |
the first info/ impression learned about someone will be a powerful influence |
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Stereotype |
a generalized belief about a group of people |
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Prejudice |
an unfavorable attitude toward a group of people |
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Aversive Racism |
unintentionally discriminating against some groups while expressing the belief that all people are equal |
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Ambivalent sexism |
belief in equal treatment of the sexes with a hidden, lingering belief that women should be treated differently. |
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Robber's cave experiment |
-overcoming prejudice -worked together - kids went to camp together and were split into two separate groups - the groups started to dislike each other for no reason -bus broke down and they had to work together to fix it and that was what made them change their minds about each other. They started to like each other |
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Internal Attribution |
explanations based on an individuals perceived characteristics such as attitudes, personality tests, or abilities |
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External Attributions |
explanations based on the current situation. People blamed outside things for their behavior |
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Fundamental Attributions Error |
when we make internal attributions for a persons behavior despite the presence of possible external influences ex: thinking your neighbor is poor because he's lazy |
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Self-serving biases |
attributions that we use to optimize our perception of ourselves |
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Self Handicapping Strategies |
protect our self image - we intentionally create a disadvantage to provide an excuse for an expected failure |
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Attitude |
a like or dislike that influences behavior toward a person or a thing |
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Persuasion |
an attempt to change your attitudes and your behavior |
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Likert Scale |
a scale commonly used in questionnaires - most widely used scale in survey research - respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
a state of tension that exists when an individual realizes that he holds contradictory attitudes on an issue or has exhibited behavior that is inconsistent with an expressed attitude |
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Central Route to Persuasion |
people invest time and effort in evaluating the evidence when making serious decisions |
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peripheral route to persuasion |
people pay more attention to superficial aspects when evaluating a message of little importance |
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sleeper effect |
delayed persuasion by an initially rejected message |
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minority influence |
those holding unpopular opinions eventually change the attitudes of the majority |
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2 ways of persuading |
1.) fulfill the request to make something good happen 2.) fulfill request to present something bad from happening |
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Variables in persuasion |
person variables situation variables audience variables |
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Person variables |
-level of cognitive abilities - importance of message to person - mood of person |
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Situation variables |
-perceived similarity between the audience and speaker -perception that idea is approved or endorsed by a respected group - level of intelligence and interest |
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Audience variables |
heightened resistance -what if people know they are about to hear an argument with which they don't agree? -Forewarning effect -Inoculation effect |
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Forewarning effect |
Telling them willincrease the likelihood that they’ll reject theargument |
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Inoculation effect |
Telling people a strong argument and then a lighter one, people are most likely to reject only the strong one |
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Strategies of Persuasion |
Foot in the door door in the face bait and switch |
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Foot in the Door |
a small request is followed by a larger one |
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Door in the face |
an outrageous initial request is followed by a more reasonable one |
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Bait and Switch |
A very favorable deal is followed by additional demands after a commitment has been made |
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That's Not All Technique |
the offer is improved before any reply is given |
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Limited Time offer Technique |
time crunching |
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Conformity |
the alteration or maintenance of ones behavior to match the behavior and expectations of others |
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Conformity Good and Bad |
Good: conformity is necessary for our survival as a species Bad: The human need for conformity may override our ability to use common sense |
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Asch Experiment |
demonstrated that conformity was likely even when one could be sure that their own judgement was correct - visual perception test |
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Milgrams Experiment |
Obedience to Authority - people are introduced to a person that they believe is another random participant in the study. - the experimenter gives the Learner in the chair words to remember - the learner is an actor while the teachers are the actual participants - the point is to see if the teacher will stop the experiment even though the experimenter is telling them to go on. - Majority of the people (65%) go through to the last 450 volts - 9 out of 12 in this experiment video went through with it |
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Stanford Prison Experiment |
- obedience to authority study -set up in college - two groups of college students are split up making one group the prisoners and one group the prison guards - the study is meant to test whether or not the prisoners will obey the officers - students ended up completely losing themselves and acting as if they were who they were pretending to be - No one ever questioned the authority of the fake guards - Zimbardo was the psychologist who conducted the study |
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Group think |
members suppress doubts about an issue or decision for fear of being ostracized |
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Personality Psychology |
The study of a person; how people think, feel, behave and what causes it |
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Psychologists try to: |
- identify personality types
- describe why an individual with a certain personality behaves certain ways - develop grand theories of personality |
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Why Study Personality? |
1.) it can explain consistency in a persons behavior 2.) explain individual differences in behavior |
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Personality Theories |
1.) Type Approach: look for a certain personality type 2.) Psychodynamic approach: freud 3,) Trait approach: look at personality traits |
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Type Approach |
- oldest approach - limited number of distinct personality types -ancients believed in limited # of types ex: Hippocrates (humorist) ~ 4 types of personalities: fire, water, earth, and air |
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Type A Personality |
competitive, impatient, and aggressive |
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Type B personality |
Patient relaxed, easy going |
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Myer's Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) |
A questionnaire for assessing personality type based on Carl Jung's type theory - ESTJ: extraversion -ISTJ: intraversion |
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Psychodynamic approach |
-Sigmund Freud -said personality is related to the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual - the individual may not be aware of the forces that influence thoughts and behaviors |
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Psychoanalysis |
talking cure; method of explaining the workings of personality based on the interplay of conscious and unconscious internal forces |
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Catharsis |
therapeutic release of pent up emotional tension |
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Freud |
-freud tried to explain development of personality over the course of childhood and adolescence - the way we gratify our libido ( sex drive) changes over our life span in 5 years - Freud says that some people get stuck in any of the 5 Stages and it effects you later in life |
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3 Components of Personality |
1.) Id - biological drives that demand immediate gratification 2.) Ego - rational, negotiating, and decision making 3.) Super Ego - internalized values and rules we receive from family and society |
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Neo-Freudians |
- personality theorists followed by freud - Karen Korney -Alfred Adler - Carl Jung |
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Trait approach |
- personality is individual characteristics and tendencies - emphasis on biological factors - says little about development |
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Trait |
a consistent long-lasting tendency in behavior (ex: shyness) |
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State |
a temporary activation of particular behavior |
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The Big 5 Personality Traits (OCEAN) |
1.) Openness to new experience 2.) Conscientiousness 3.) Extraversion 4.) Agreeableness 5.) Neuroticism |
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Openness to experience |
tendency to enjoy new experiences and ideas |
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Conscientiousness |
tendency to show self discipline to be reliable and to strive |
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Extraversion |
tendency to seek stimulation and enjoy other people |
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Agreeableness |
tendency to be compassionate and easy going |
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Neuroticism |
tendency to experience unpleasant emotions very easily |
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Criticisms of Big 5 |
- based on study of the english language not on observations of human behavior - too few traits - too many traits - limited applicability cross-culturally |
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Personality Assessment |
personality testing is difficult -need to use standardization |
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Standardization |
-has strict rules on how the test is made and administered - interpreted by using a rubric - the test has to be given to a large number of people to get an accurate interpretation of the results |
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Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) |
Shortened personality test based on the BIG 5 model |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
-personality test - gives 567 true / false questions - measure dimensions of personality -detect clinical conditions -unclear about accuracy for other cultures |
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Standardized Personality Tests have |
Projective Techniques: less threatening because people are asked to interpret ambiguous stimuli ex: Rorschach Test : consists of 10 ambiguous inkblots |
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Thematic Apperception Test |
- a series of pictures - make up a story for each pic - assumes that every story is actually about the test taker Criticism: there's no method to interpret stories |
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Origins of Personality Nature v Nurture |
Heredity: - identical twins tend to resemble each other more strongly than other relatives on measures of personality traits - biological relatives tend to resemble each other more than adoptive relatives or strangers Environment: - resemblance in personality between family members would be stronger than it is |
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Dennis Abner |
thought to be an abnormal person because he transformed himself into a female tiger by getting a lot of surgery done to his face |
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Abnormal |
-no biological test for any mental disorders
- behavioral criteria - reported symptoms and observations of behavior that are matched to mental disorders |
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social norms |
vary across cultures |
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Glossolalia |
speaking in tongues -frontal lobes go down when they speak in tongues - spiritual thing |
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Characteristics of abnormal (3 D's ) |
1.) Distressed 2.) Dysfunction 3.) Deviance |
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DSM-5 |
Book that explains what each psychological disorder is Criticisms: - distinctions between normal and abnormal is arbitrary - are criminal behaviors a sign of mental illness or some other serious problem? |
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Psychological Disorders |
- up to 50% of the population has a diagnosable mental illness at some time in their life |
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Psychotherapy |
treatment of psychological disorders by methods that include an ongoing relationship between a trained psychologist |
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Schools of Psychotherapy |
1.) psychoanalysis 2.) Behavioral therapy 3.) Cognitive therapy 4.) Cognitive-Behavioral therapy 5.) Rational emotive Therapy 6.) Humanistic therapy 7.) Person-centered therapy |
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Psychoanalysis |
-oldest talk therapy -uses free association to bring unconscious material to consciousness - individuals may be unaware of conflicting forces |
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Transference |
the clients feelings previously associated with a parent or someone else moves onto the therapists - responsibility |
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Behavioral therapy |
- behaviorists believe that human behavior is learned and can be unlearned - treatment - specific behavioral goals - used mostly for treatment of autism |
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Cognitive Therapy |
- improves functioning by changing peoples thoughts and beliefs about situations |
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy |
- sets clear goals for changing behavior and puts more emphasis on changing the interpretation of someones thoughts
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rational emotive therapy |
assumes that thoughts precede emotions that are unpleasant feelings |
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Humanistic Therapy |
people naturally strive to achieve their full potentials |
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Person-centered therapy |
therapist listens to client without judgement - most common therapy |
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Deinstitutionalization |
removing patients from mental hospitals - many patients were discharged without the benefit of knowing what they will be doing - are now homeless, in nursing homes, or prison. - happened because meds started to come up |
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Involuntary commitment |
- right for people with severe mental health problems - if persons mental state represents serious danger - trained professional / court commits - patient has right to refuse treatment |
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Insanity |
legal term, not psychological / medical - extremely rare - under 1% of accused felons plead insanity - receive great deal of media attention |
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Anxiety |
fear/caution in the face of potential hazards - certain amount is normal - considered pathological when interferes with daily life |
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Generalized Anxiety disorder |
almost constant/ exaggerated worrying - no basis for worrier - 5% of the population - co-diagnosed with other mood disorders |
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Panic Disorder |
Frequent periods of anxiety / occasional attacks of panic - hyperventilation - increased heart rate -sweating - 1-3% of adults |
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Treatment for an anxiety disorder |
- psychotherapy - anti-depressant drugs |
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social phobia |
severe avoidance of other people (fear of doing anything in public) |
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agoraphobia |
fear of public places |
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phobia |
strong fear of specific objects that intervenes with every day life - 11% of adults suffer - not persistent across lifetime - 5-6% are experiencing phobia of given name |
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Acquiring a Phobia |
- some fears are innate but many are learned/traced to specific events -some are more common / easily acquired |
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Common Phobias |
-open spaces -public speaking -heights -social phobia - being alone - reminders of danger |
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Therapy for Phobias |
- systematic desensitization - flooding |
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Systematic desensitization |
gradual exposure to the object under controlled conditions |
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Flooding |
sudden / large scale exposure to the object under controlled condition |
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Drug Therapies |
Benzodiazepines Anti Depressants |
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Benzodiazepines |
tranquilizers; surpress symptoms temporarily - addictive |
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Anti-depressants |
less addictive; more effective |
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Obsessive compulsive disorder |
- obsessions - repeatedly. unwelcome streams of thoughts - compulsions - repetitive actions ex: checking, cleaning |
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Therapies for OCD |
1.) exposure therapy 2.) drug therapy |
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exposure therapy |
exposure to a situation that brings on compulsive behavior but is prevented from engaging in it |
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Drug Therapy |
SSRI's : selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
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Major Depression |
- loss of interest in food / sex - feelings of extreme guilt / powerlessness - worthlessness -sleep abnormalities - suicide |
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depression |
extreme condition that persists for months |
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Genetic Predispositions to depression |
- Having close biological relatives who were diagnosed with it - having adoptive relatives who were depressed also might cause a child to be depressed but it's not as likely as being biologically related |
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Treatment of Depression |
-Antidepressants like: Tryciclics, SSRI's, MAOI's - Electroshock therapy |
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Bipolar disorder |
cycling of mood between periods of good and bad |
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mENRA |
Extreme agitation |
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Drug therapies for BD |
Lithium: naturally occurring chemical that is used to treat mania Anti-convulsant drugs: treat bipolar disorder |
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MAIO's |
stops normal enzymes from destroying serotonin |
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SSRIS |
Boosts serotonin |
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Schizophrenia |
a complete deterioration of daily activities and at least 2 of the symptoms |
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Schizophrenia symptoms |
- hallucinations - incoherent speech - Grossly disorganized behavior - loss of normal emotional responses |
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Hallucinations |
false sensory experiences |
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delusional thought |
unfounded beliefs Types: 1.) persecution: people are out to get you 2.) grandeur: you think you are much greater and more powerful than you really are 3.) Idea of reference: one interprets casual events as highly significant to oneself 4.) Disordered thinking: deficits of attention, difficult in switching routines and difficulties with abstract thoughts |
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Prevalanceof schizophrenia |
- about 1% of americans - the rate of this disorder has been declining over the past 100 years - occurs in many cultures but is less common in developing nations - most frequently diagnosed earlier in women - onset is typically sudden |
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Nature vs nurture |
-Studies of twins and adopted children suggest a genetic basis for the disease - if your identical twin has it theres a 50% chance that the other will also - researchers have not located a specific gene for schizophrenia |
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Brain damage shown in Schizophrenic patients |
- the hippocampus and parts of the cerebral cortex are a little smaller than normal - larger than normal ventricles (fluid filled cavities) - smaller neurons and fewer synapses in the prefrontal cortex |
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Drug Therapies for Schizophrenia |
-Antipsychotic or Neuroleptic drugs - these drugs gradually work and vary in effectiveness from patient to patient - antipsychotic drugs block dopamine at the synapses - not enough glutamate ( an excitatory neurotransmitter that is inhibited by dopamine) is an alternate neurochem explanation for the disorder |
