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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a person's preference for and tendency to engage in effortful cognitive activities
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need for cognition
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the mental activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved
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cognition
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the sending and receiving of information
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communication
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a systematic way of communicating information using symbols and rules for combining them
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language
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the oral expression of language
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speech
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the system of rules that determines the proper use and combination of language symbols
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grammar
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the rules used in language to combine basic sounds into words
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phonology
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the rules used in language to combine words into sentences
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syntax
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the rules used in language to communicate the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences
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semantics
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the smallest significant sound units in speech
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phonemes
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the smallest units of language that carry meaning
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morphemes
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inadvertent speech errors that occur when sounds or words are rearranged
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slips of the tongue
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according to Chomsky's linguistic theory, an innate mechanism that facilitates the learning of language
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language acquisition device
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an early speech phase in which children used short, multiple-word sentences that leave out all but the essential words, like in a telegrammed message
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telegraphic speech
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the proposal that the structure of language determines the structure of thought, meaning that people who speak diffrent languages also think differently
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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the use of masculine nouns and pronouns to refer to all peeople, instead of just males
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generic masculine
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a mental grouping of objects, ideas, or events that share common properties
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concept
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the process of forming concepts
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categorization
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the most representative members of a concept
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prototypes
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the thought process employed to overcome obstacles
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problem solving
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a problem solving strategy that involves trying one possible solution after another until one works
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trial and error
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a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule or step-by-step procedure until you inevitably produce the correct solution
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algorithm
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a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions
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heuristic
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a problem-solving strategy that involves a sudden realization of how a problem can be solved
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insight
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the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs, while ignoring disconfirming information
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confirmation bias
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the tendency to continue using solutions that have worked in the past, even though better alternatives may exist
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mental set
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the tendency to think of objects as functioning in fixed and unchanging ways and ignoring other less obvious ways in which they might be used
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functional fixedness
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the way in which choices are structured
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framing
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the tendency to make decisions based on how closely an alternative matches (or represents) a particular prototype
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representativeness heuristic
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the tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event
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availability heuristic
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