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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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human development |
study of changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death |
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nature |
influence of our inherited CHARACTERISTICS on personality, physical growth, intellectual growht, and social interaction |
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nurture |
influence of our iENVIRONMENT on personality, physical growth, intellectual growht, and social interaction |
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behavior genetics |
focuses on nature v. nurture |
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DNA |
special molecule that contains genetic material |
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gene |
section of DNA having unique arrangement of chemicals |
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dominant gene |
gene actively controls expression of a trait |
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recessive gene |
gene only influence expression of a trait when paired with another identical (recessive) gene |
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chromosome |
genes are located on these (within cell nucleus) |
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eye color gen example |
Bb - B(brown - dominant); b(blue - recessive) BB Bb Bb bb |
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chromosome disorder |
down syndrome |
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down syndrome |
-extra chromosome at 21 created during ovulation -result in characteristic disfigurement, mental retardation, and other health issues |
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genetic disorder |
PKV |
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PKV |
-inherited disorder where person can't process phenylalanine (amino) which builds up to toxic levels causing brain damage -can prevent with special diet -found in high-protein foods and artificial sweetener |
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how do infants develop in the womb? |
in a specific order |
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critical period |
times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on development of fetus |
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teratogen |
any factor that can cause a birth defect |
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4 critical areas of adjustment (for infants) |
1. respiration 2. digestion 3. circulation 4. temperature regulation |
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senses in an infant |
-fairly well developed at birth |
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one sense that is NOT well developed |
vision - black & white, not acute (no color or sharpness until 6 months) |
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reflexes in an infant (5) |
1. sucking 2. rooting 3. moro 4. babinksi 5. grasping |
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rooting |
baby looking for food - open mouth |
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moro |
startle a baby |
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babinksi |
when a baby curl feet/hands instead of pulling away |
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motor milestones (6) |
1. RAISE HEAD 2. ROLL OVER 3. PROP UP 4. SIT UP 5. CRAWL 6. WALK -develop fast -no age constraints |
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use it or lose it |
neural pathways used are grown and kept, those that are not are lost/never grown |
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immunizations |
-safe and extremely effective -vaccines are good |
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polio |
paralysis - 5% child death, 30% adult death |
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small pox |
30% death |
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measles and rubella |
attack organs including heart, brain, and eyes to cause cataracts and blindness |
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autism and wakefield |
-wakefield's study only had 12 kids, no control group, and relied on family memory of when "autistic" symptoms started -most never had autism -started from playboy |
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wakefield deception |
-paid by lawyers -pulled thimerisol from vaccine and autism rate stay the same -labs couldn't replicate because it was fake -discredited because he was crooked -vaccine does not equal big profit -now he travels around US blocking vaccine laws |
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cognitive development |
development of thinking, problem solving, and memory (mental scaffolding) |
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schemes |
mental concepts formed through past experiences |
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assimilation |
use known info to distribute to other things |
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accomodation |
adjust known information |
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Piaget's 4 stage theory |
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operations 4. formal operations -interact with objects, don't need people |
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1. sensorimotor |
-birth - 2yr -start with only reflexes to interact with world -develop sense and motor skills -develop object permanence at the end (know obj exists when it is not in sight) |
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2. preoperational |
-2-7yr -learn to use language as means of exploring -pretend and make believe -limitations: no logic, egocentric, centration, conservation, irreversibility |
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egocentric |
inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes |
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centration |
focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features (cut pie slice in half - having 2 is more) |
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conservation |
lack ability to understand changing object appearance doesn't change object nature (fat glass to skinny glass) |
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irreversibilty |
inability to mentally reverse an action |
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3. concrete operations |
-7-12 yr -capable of logical thought processes, conservation, reversible thinking -can't see abstract things (algebra X) |
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4. formal operations |
-12-adult -capable of abstract thought -50% adults never read - practical intelligence |
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vygotsky's theory |
-children develop cognitively when someone else engages them -scaffolding -ZPD |
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scaffolding |
process in which more skilled learner gives helo to a less skilled learner, reducing amount of help as learner gets more capable |
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zone of proximal developemnt |
difference between what child can do alone versus with help (focus on doing more than knowing) |
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old language development theory |
skinner's operant conditions: child provide sound/words and adult reinforce them with praise/reward |
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new language development theory |
-child-directed speech -gestures -receptive-productive language (understand more than can produce) |
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universal stages of language development (5) |
1. cooing (2 mo - vowel) 2. babbling (6 mo - vowel + consonant) 3. one-word speech (1 yr) 4. telegraphic speech (1.5 yr - short simple sentence) 5. whoel sentences (preschool-6 yr - grammar and incr vocab) |
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temperament |
behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established |
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3 kinds of baby temperament |
1. easy (regular, adaptable, happy) 2. difficult (irregular, nonadaptable, irritable) 3. slow to warm up (gradually adjust and change) - some can be a mix |
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attachment |
emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver (within first 6 months) |
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Ainsworth's strange situation test (for 4 styles of attachment) |
1. secure - explore, easily soothed when mom return 2. avoidant - unattached, explore on own, no reaction to mom return 3. ambivalent - insecurely attached, upset when mom leave and angry when she's back 4. disorganized-disoriented - insecurely attached, unable to decide how to react when return (abuse, neglect, depressed) |
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harlow and contact comfort |
monkey chose soft doll without milk over wire doll with milk |
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Erikson psychosocial stages |
1. trust v mistrust (trust needs covered?) 2. autonomy v shame and doubt (can direct own behavior) 3. initiative v guilt (control behavior) 4. industry v inferiority (good at what I do?) _______________________________________________ 5. identity v. role confusion (find consisetnt sense of self _______________________________________________ 6. intimacy v isolation (share rel. with someone) 7. generativity v stagnation (contribute toward next generation?) 8. ego integrity v despair (live full life?) |
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gender role difference |
-realize at age 2 and know which one they are -sex = parts; gender = identity |
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gender |
behavior associated with and expected of males and females |
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gender identity |
perception of one's own gender and behaviors that are associated with gender |
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adolescence |
13-20 young person is no longer physically a child, but not yet a independent, self-supporting adult |
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puberty |
-beginning of adolescence marked by physical changes that occur in body as sexual development peaks -2 yer after growth spurt (girls at 10, boys at 12) |
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Piaget's formal operations |
-teens here but still egocentric -personal fable and imaginary audience |
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personal fable |
young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm |
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imaginary audience |
young people believe that other people are just as concerned abut their thoughts/characteristics as they are |
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Kohlberg's 3 levels of morality |
1. preconventional - behavior governed by consequences 2. conventional - behavior governed by conforming to social norms 3. post conventional - behavior governed by principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms |
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parent-teen conflict |
common during adolescence and necessary for development |
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physical changes in adulthood - women |
decline reproductive system at 50 with menopause - cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycle at the end of reproductive capability |
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physical changes in adulthood - men |
change in sexual hormones and reproductive system - andropause |
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physical changes in adulthood - all |
-skin begin to show signs of aging in late 20s/early 30s -vision decline in 30s -hearing loss many not be noticable until 60/70 but can be as early as 30 for high frequency |
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cell clock theory (of why we age) |
cells only have so many times that they can reproduce - once limit is reached, damaged cells accumulate |
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wear and tear theory (of why we age) |
as time goers by, repeated use and abuse of body tissue cause it to be unable to repair all damage |
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free radical theory (of why we age) |
oxygen molecules with an unstable electron move around cell, damaging cell structures |
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activity theory |
-old people don't want to be alone - they are happier if they stay active -they stop being invited, its too hard to get them around |
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5 stages of death |
1.denial 2.anger 3.bargaining 4.depression 5.acceptance |
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gender is a spectrum |
not all people are extreme and middle doesnt mean youre gay (variation = normal) |
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prenatal hormone exposure |
-all fetus = inherently female -male if exposed to male hormones at right time -fetus develop in hormone bath with diff amounts of male and female hormones that imprint gender onto the brain |
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hormone exposure during development |
-exposed to male balance of chem = male and find girls attractive -exposed to female balance of chem = female and find men attractive -mixture could be off due to virus, genetic error, meds, estrogen in pesticides/plastic, stress |
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difference between men and women |
-body : finger ratio (male hormone exposure = affect male body growth) -male ring and pointer = big difference -female ring and pointer = little difference |
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brain symmetry |
fight/flight - gay men/women brain react like opposite sex |
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cognitive differences |
-men tend to perform better than women at spatial tests (gay&lesbian = opposite) -women tend to perform better at verbal fluency (gay = opposite, lesbian = same) |
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pheromone response |
-hypothalamus = highly involved in sexual behavior -male androgenic smell = female and gay react same -female estrogenic smell = male and lesbian react same |
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hormone exposure in the womb effect... |
-how body looks -how you think -how you feel -sexual preference |
