Psych Ch 8

Front 1

Nature

Back 1

refers to a person's biological inheritence, especially his or her genes.

Front 2

Nurture

Back 2

a person's environmental and social experiences.

Front 3

Resilience

Back 3

a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times; despite encountering the negative, a person shows signs of positive functioning.

Front 4

Cognitive Development

Back 4

refers to how thought, intelligence, and language processes change as people mature.

Front 5

Schema (Jean Piaget)

Back 5

a mental concept or framework that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it.

Front 6

Assimilation (Piaget)

Back 6

an individual's incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

Front 7

Accommodation

Back 7

an individual's adjustment of his or her schemas to new information.

Front 8

Piaget's Developmental Theory

Back 8

Through his observations of his children, Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages. Each stage is marked by shifts in how kids understand the world.

Front 9

Sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2

Back 9

infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects; by learning objects have an existence of their own outside of individual perception, children are then able to begin to attach names and words to objects.

Front 10

Preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7

Back 10

kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people;also often struggle with understanding the idea of constancy.

Front 11

Concrete Operational stage, from age 7 to 11

Back 11

children become less egocentric and begin to think about how other people might think and feel;begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.

Front 12

Formal Operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood.

Back 12

increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas; people become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them.

Front 13

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development

Back 13

an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by Piaget;theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor;
is about how people justify behaviors and his stages are not a method of ranking how moral someone's behavior is.

Front 14

Pre-conventional morality

Back 14

1. Obedience and punishment orientation

(How can I avoid punishment?) Judges the morality of an action by its direct consequences (egocentric children). Has not yet adopted society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring.

2. Self-interest orientation

(What's in it for me?)(Paying for a benefit)

Shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individual's own interests. As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect, but rather a "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours" mentality.

(Chores = Allowance)

Front 15

Conventional morality(to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations.)

Back 15

3. Interpersonal accord and conformity

(Good intentions as determined by social norms)(The good boy/girl attitude)

"I want to be liked and thought well of; apparently, not being naughty makes people like me."

4. Authority and social-order maintaining

orientation(Obedience driven)

There is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules. When someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong;morality is still predominantly dictated by an outside force.

Front 16

Post-conventional morality (live by their own ethical principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice; toview rules as useful but changeable mechanisms—ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights.)

Back 16

5. Social contract orientation
The world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community.Democratic government is ostensibly based onthis.

6. Universal ethical principles
(Principled conscience)
Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Legal rights are unnecessary, as social contracts are not essential for deontic moral action.

Front 17

Attachment Theory

Back 17

states that a strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development.

Front 18

Secure vs. Insecure Attachment

Back 18

Through repeated positive experiences with a caregiver, infants develop a secure attachment to that person. Infants whose experiences with a caregiver are negative or unpredictable are more likely to develop an insecure attachment.

Front 19

Authoritarian parenting

Back 19

strict parenting; firmly limits and controls child with little verbal exchange. ("You do it my way.")

Children of these parents sometimes lack social skills, show poor initiative, and compare themselves with others.

Front 20

Authoritative Parenting

Back 20

parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and control on behavior.

children of these parents tend to be socially competent, self-reliant, and socially responsible.

Front 21

Permissive parenting

Back 21

parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

children rate poorly in social competence, often fail to learn respect for others, expect to get their own way, and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Front 22

Neglectful parenting

Back 22

distinguished by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life.

these children tend to be less competent socially, handle independence poorly, and show poor self control.

Front 23

Biological sex vs Cultural Gender

Back 23

our anatomy as female, male, or intersex. It includes our internal and external sex organs, chromosomes, and hormones vs gender identity and roles.

Front 24

Social & Psychosocial Development

Back 24

If an individual successfully reconciles these challenging forces (favoring the first mentioned attribute in the crisis), he or she emerges from the stage with the corresponding virtue. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) with more trust than mistrust, he or she carries the virtue of hope into the remaining life stages

Front 25

Erickson's Psychosocial Development Stages

Back 25

Theory of development that considers the impact of external factors, parents, and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. According to Erikson's theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle.

Front 26

Prosocial behavior

(& in Ch 11)

Back 26

Any action intended to help others; characterized by a concern about the rights, feelings and welfare of other people. prosocial behaviors include feeling empathy and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.(altruism)