Psych Ch 7

Front 1

Human development

Back 1

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people add they age from conception until death

Front 2

Longitudinal design

Back 2

Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time

Front 3

Cross sectional design

Back 3

Research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time

Front 4

Cross sequential design

Back 4

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross sectional design but are also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years

Front 5

Nature

Back 5

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions

Front 6

Nurture

Back 6

The influence of the environment on personality physical growth intellectual growth and social interactions

Front 7

Dominant

Back 7

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait

Front 8

Recessive

Back 8

Referring to a gene that influences the expression of a trait only when paired with an identical gene

Front 9

Ovum

Back 9

The female sex cell or egg

Front 10

Fertilization

Back 10

The union of the ovum and sperm

Front 11

Zygote

Back 11

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm

Front 12

Monozygotic twins

Back 12

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two seperate masses of cells each of which develops into a seperate embryo

Front 13

Dizygotic twins

Back 13

Often called fraternal twins, occuring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time

Front 14

Germinal period

Back 14

First two weeks after fertilization during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining

Front 15

Embryo

Back 15

Name for the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization

Front 16

Embryonic period

Back 16

The period from two to eight weeks after fertilization during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

Front 17

Critical periods

Back 17

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

Front 18

Teratogen

Back 18

Any factor that can cause a birth defect

Front 19

Fetal period

Back 19

The time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child

Front 20

Fetus

Back 20

Name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby

Front 21

Cognitive development

Back 21

The development of thinking problem solving and memory

Front 22

Scheme

Back 22

In this case a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events

Front 23

Sensorimotor stage

Back 23

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment

Front 24

Object permanence

Back 24

The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight

Front 25

Preoperational stage

Back 25

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world

Front 26

Egocentrism

Back 26

The inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

Front 27

Centration

Back 27

In Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

Front 28

Conservation

Back 28

In Piaget's theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the objects nature

Front 29

Irreversibility

Back 29

In Piaget's theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action

Front 30

Concrete operations stage

Back 30

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development in which the school age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking

Front 31

Formal operations stage

Back 31

Piaget's last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking

Front 32

Scaffolding

Back 32

Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Front 33

Zone of proximal development

Back 33

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone versus what that child can do with the help of a teacher

Front 34

Temperament

Back 34

The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth such as easy difficult and slow to warm up

Front 35

Attachment

Back 35

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

Front 36

Gender

Back 36

The behavior associated with being male or female

Front 37

Gender identity

Back 37

The individual's sense of being male or female

Front 38

Gender roles

Back 38

The cultures expectations for masculine or feminine behavior including attitudes actions and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture

Front 39

Adolescence

Back 39

The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent self supporting adult

Front 40

Puberty

Back 40

The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches is peak

Front 41

Personal fable

Back 41

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

Front 42

Imaginary audience

Back 42

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescents thought and characteristics as they themselves are

Front 43

Identity vs rule confusion

Back 43

Fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self

Front 44

Intimacy

Back 44

An emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to rust share and care while still maintaining a sense of self

Front 45

Generativity

Back 45

Providing guidance to one's children out the next generation or contributing to the well being of the next generation through career or volunteer work

Front 46

Authoritarian parenting

Back 46

Style of parenting in which patent is rigid and overly strict showing little warmth to the child

Front 47

Integrity

Back 47

Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets. The final completion of the ego