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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning |
a change in behavior, resulting from experience |
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habituation |
a decrease in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus. |
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sensitization |
an increase in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus. |
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3 types of learning |
non-associative, associative, watching others |
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non-associative learning |
learning about a stimulus such as a sight or sound in the external world includes habituation and sensitization |
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associative learning |
learning the relationship between two pieces of information includes classical and operant conditioning |
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learning by watching others includes: |
observational learning, modeling, vicarious conditioning
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observational learning |
when we learn or change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior |
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modeling |
imitating a behavior seen in others |
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vicarious conditioning |
learning to engage in a behavior or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action. |
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classical conditioning |
a type of learned response in which a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces a response |
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unconditioned stimulus (US) |
a stimulus that elicits a response that is innate and does not require any prior learning |
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unconditioned response (UR) |
a response that does not have to be learned, a reflex |
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conditioned stimulus (CS) |
a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place |
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conditioned response (CR) |
a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned |
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acquisition |
the gradual formation of an association between a conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. |
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extinction |
a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus |
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spontaneous recovery |
a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presented again |
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stimulus generalization |
learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response. |
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stimulus discrimination |
a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus. |
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operant conditioning |
a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future. |
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positive reinforcement |
the addition of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated |
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negative reinforcement |
the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated |
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positive punishment |
the addition of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will recur |
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negative punishment |
the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will recur |
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fixed interval schedule (FI) |
reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after predetermined amount of time since the last reward |
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variable interval schedule (VI) |
reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after an unpredictable and varying amount of time since the last reward. |
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fixed ratio schedule (FR) |
reinforcing a particular behavior after that behavior has occurred a predetermined number of times. |
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variable ratio schedule (VR) |
reinforcing a particular behavior after the behavior has occurred an unpredictable and varying number of times |
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partial-reinforcement extinction effect |
the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement |
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cognitive map |
visuospatial mental representation of an environment |
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latent learning |
learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement |
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insight learning |
a sudden understanding of how to solve a problem after a period of either inaction or thinking about the problem |
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observational learning |
the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior |
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modeling |
the imitation of behavior through observational learning |
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vicarious conditioning |
learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action. |