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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Encoding
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the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.
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Storage
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the process of maintaining information in memory over time.
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Retrieval
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the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.
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Semantic judgement
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required to think about the meaning of words (lower frontal lobe)
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Rhyme judgment
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think about sound of words
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Visual judgement
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think about appearance of words (occipital lobe)
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Elaborative encoding
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process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory.
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Visual imagery encoding
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the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.
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Organizational encoding
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categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items. (upper left frontal lobe)
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Sensory memory
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holds sensory info for a few seconds or less.
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Iconic memory
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fast decaying store of visual info.
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Echonic memory
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fast decaying store of auditory info.
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Short term memory
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nonsensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
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Rehearsal
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process of keeping info in short term memory by mentally repeating it.
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Working memory
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active maintenance of info in short term storage. (frontal lobe)
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Long term memory
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holds info for hours days or years (Hippocampus)
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Anterograde amnesia
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inability to transfer new info from the short term store into long term store
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Retrograde amnesia
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inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation.
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Consolidation
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process by which memories become stable in the brain.
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Reconsolidation
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memories can again become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled thus requiring them to be consolidated again.
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Long term potentiation
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process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier.
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NMDA receptor
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influences the flow of info between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP in most hippocampal pathways.
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Retrieval cue
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external info that is associated with stored info that helps bring it to mind.
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Encoding specificity principle
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retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re create the specific way in which info was initially encoded
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State dependent retrieval
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is the tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retreival
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Transfer appropriate processing
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memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situation match
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Retrieval induced forgetting
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process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.
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Explicit memory
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occurs when people consciously or intentionally retreve past experiences.
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Implicit memory
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occurs when past experiences influence later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them.
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Procedural memory
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(implicit memory) refers to the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things.
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Priming
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(implicit memory) refers to enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus.
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Semantic memory
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is a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
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Episodic memory
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is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
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Transience
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forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.
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Retroactive interference
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later learning impairs memory for info acquired earlier
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Proactive interference
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situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.
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Absent mindedness
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is a lapse in attention that results in memory failure.
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Prospective memory
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remembering to do things in the future.
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Blocking
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failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.
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Memory misattribution
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assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.
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False recognition
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is a feeling of familiarity about something that hasnt been encountered before.
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Suggestibility
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is the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.
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Bias
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Distorting influences of present knowledge beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
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Persistence
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or intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.
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Flash bulb memories
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detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events (9/11)
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