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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Encoding
the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.
Storage
the process of maintaining information in memory over time.
Retrieval
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.
Semantic judgement
required to think about the meaning of words (lower frontal lobe)
Rhyme judgment
think about sound of words
Visual judgement
think about appearance of words (occipital lobe)
Elaborative encoding
process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory.
Visual imagery encoding
the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.
Organizational encoding
categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items. (upper left frontal lobe)
Sensory memory
holds sensory info for a few seconds or less.
Iconic memory
fast decaying store of visual info.
Echonic memory
fast decaying store of auditory info.
Short term memory
nonsensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
Rehearsal
process of keeping info in short term memory by mentally repeating it.
Working memory
active maintenance of info in short term storage. (frontal lobe)
Long term memory
holds info for hours days or years (Hippocampus)
Anterograde amnesia
inability to transfer new info from the short term store into long term store
Retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation.
Consolidation
process by which memories become stable in the brain.
Reconsolidation
memories can again become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled thus requiring them to be consolidated again.
Long term potentiation
process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier.
NMDA receptor
influences the flow of info between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP in most hippocampal pathways.
Retrieval cue
external info that is associated with stored info that helps bring it to mind.
Encoding specificity principle
retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re create the specific way in which info was initially encoded
State dependent retrieval
is the tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retreival
Transfer appropriate processing
memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situation match
Retrieval induced forgetting
process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.
Explicit memory
occurs when people consciously or intentionally retreve past experiences.
Implicit memory
occurs when past experiences influence later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them.
Procedural memory
(implicit memory) refers to the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things.
Priming
(implicit memory) refers to enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus.
Semantic memory
is a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
Episodic memory
is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
Transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.
Retroactive interference
later learning impairs memory for info acquired earlier
Proactive interference
situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.
Absent mindedness
is a lapse in attention that results in memory failure.
Prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future.
Blocking
failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.
Memory misattribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.
False recognition
is a feeling of familiarity about something that hasnt been encountered before.
Suggestibility
is the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.
Bias
Distorting influences of present knowledge beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
Persistence
or intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.
Flash bulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events (9/11)