Psych Ch 5 Pt1 & Pt2 Learning And Classical Conditioning

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Learning

Back 1

systematic, relatively permanent, change in behavior that occurs through experience or practice

Not the same as Plasticity

Not the same as Maturation

Front 2

Associative Learning

Back 2

When an association or connection is made between 2 events

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

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Conditioning

Back 3

Process of learning associations or connections between stimlui

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Classical Conditioning aka: Pavlovian Conditioning

Back 4

Associations between 2 stimuli become associated with one another and causes a change in behavior, learn to anticipate events ex:) showering/toilet flushing

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Four components of Pavlov's experiment #1

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Conditioned Stimulus- Stimulus that started out neutral-- Bell

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#2

Back 6

Unconditioned Stimulus- Stimulus that started out meaningful-- Food

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#3

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Unconditioned Response- Innate/unlearned response to meaningful stimulus-- Drooling

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#4

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Conditioned Response- Learned response to previously neutral stimulus-- To drool when they heard a bell

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Counter Conditioning

Back 9

Process of changing relationship between CS & CR

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Aversive Conditioning

Back 10

Repeated pairings of stimulus with a second unpleasant stimulus

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Conditional Taste Aversion

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special kind of learning, particular taste and its association with nausea

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Operant Conditoning

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Associations between a behavior and its consequences-- learn to increase/decrease behavior depending on consequences of a behavior determines the probability of it occurring again

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Behaviorism

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Behavior changes through rewards/punishments

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Reinforcement

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Behavior more likely to occur

Contingency

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Punishment

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Behavior less likely to occur

Contingency

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Positive

Back 16

behavior leads to receiving the consequence

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Negative

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behavior leads to the absence/removal of a consequence

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Appetitive Stimuli

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good things

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Aversive Stimuli

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bad things

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Positive Reinforcement

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Presentation of a stimulus following a behavior; increases frequency ex:) Dog learns to sit, is given a treat

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Negative Reinforcement

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Removal of a stimulus following a behavior; increases frequency ex:) when you do your HW so the teacher stops scolding you

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Positive Punishment

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Presentation of a stimulus following a behavior; decreases frequency ex:) child misbehaves, gets spanked

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Negative Punishment

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Removal of a stimulus following a behavior; decreases frequency ex:) get too many tickets, license is revoked

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Shaping

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rewarding successive approximations of desired behavior.. do this until desired behavior is acheived

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Continuous Reinforcement

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behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

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Partial Reinforcement

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reinforcer follows behavior only somtimes

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Fixed Ratio

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behavior is reinforced after a set number of times ex:) get a free drink after buying 6

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Fixed Interval

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behavior is reinforced after a set amount of time ex:) hanging out in the kitchen after 6pm.. get dinner

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Variable Ratio

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number of times you need to behave before reinforcement ex:) slot machines

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Variable Interval

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amount of time before reinforcement ex:) fishing

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Extinction

Back 31

decreased frequency of behavior when it is no longer reinforced

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Observational Learning

Back 32

Learning that occurs when watching or observing others -- acquiring knowledge, skills, rules, strategies, believes etc. Eliminates trial and error learning, takes much less time than operant conditioning

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4 Main Processes of Observational Learning #1

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Attention- must attend to what the model is saying/doing

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#2

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Retention- encoding information and storing it in memory to be later retrived

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#3

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Motor Reproduction- Imitating the models action

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#4

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Reinforcement- is the models behavior followed by a consequence?

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Cognitive Factors in Learning

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Behaviorism focused on behaviors, not what was going on "inside the mind"

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Purposive Behavior

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behavior that is goal orientated

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Expectancy Learning

Back 39

We acquire expectations when we're conditioned

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Latent Learning

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implicit learning/ unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

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Cogonitive Factors- Insight Learning

Back 41

a form of a problem solving where the organism develops a sudden insight, realization about the situation

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Biological Factors- Constraints

Back 42

the structure of an organsim's body permits some kind of learning, inhibits others

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Instinctive Drift

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the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior/ interferes with learning

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Preparedness

Back 44

Species-specific biological predispositions to learn in certain ways but not others