Psych Ch 4

Front 1

classical conditioning

Back 1

learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Front 2

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 2

a naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response

Front 3

unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 3

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occuring or unconditioned stimulus

Front 4

neutral stimulus (NS)

Back 4

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Front 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 5

stimulus that become able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Front 6

conditioned response (CR)

Back 6

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Front 7

stimilus generalization

Back 7

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Front 8

stimulus discrimination

Back 8

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Front 9

extinction

Back 9

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Front 10

spontaneous recovery

Back 10

the reapperance of a learned response after extinction has occured

Front 11

higher-order conditioning

Back 11

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Front 12

conditioned emotional response (CER)

Back 12

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Front 13

vicarious conditioning

Back 13

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Front 14

conditioned taste aversion

Back 14

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring after only one association

Front 15

biological preparedness

Back 15

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Front 16

stimulus substitution

Back 16

original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical condituoning occured because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Front 17

cognitive perspective

Back 17

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the cinditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Front 18

operant conditioning

Back 18

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Front 19

law of effect

Back 19

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequences, it will tend not to be respected

Front 20

operant

Back 20

any behavior that is voluntary

Front 21

reinforcement

Back 21

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Front 22

reinforcers

Back 22

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occuring again

Front 23

primary reinforcer

Back 23

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Front 24

secondary reinforcer

Back 24

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Front 25

positive reinforcement

Back 25

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

Front 26

negative reinforcement

Back 26

the reinforcement of a response by the removal escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Front 27

partial reinforcement effect

Back 27

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extiction

Front 28

continuous reinforcement

Back 28

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

Front 29

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Back 29

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Front 30

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Back 30

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Front 31

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Back 31

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of response required for reinforcement is always the same

Front 32

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Back 32

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Front 33

punishment

Back 33

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Front 34

punishment by application

Back 34

the punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus

Front 35

punishment by removal

Back 35

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Front 36

discriminative stimulus

Back 36

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Front 37

shaping

Back 37

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Front 38

successive approximations

Back 38

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular gial behavior

Front 39

instinctive drift

Back 39

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Front 40

behavior modification

Back 40

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Front 41

token economy

Back 41

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Front 42

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Back 42

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modifications that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Front 43

biofeedback

Back 43

use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as bloof pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Front 44

neurofeedback

Back 44

form of biofeedback usinh brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Front 45

latent learning

Back 45

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Front 46

insight

Back 46

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Front 47

learned helplessness

Back 47

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Front 48

observational learning

Back 48

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Front 49

learning/performance distinction

Back 49

refering to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior