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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sensation
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the process thay occurs when special receptors iv the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain
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transduction
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the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity
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just noticeable difference
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the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time
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absolute threshold
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the lowest level of simulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the simulation is present
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habituation
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tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information
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sensory adaptation
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tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging
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cornea
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berms light wanes so the image can be focused on the retina
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aqueous humor
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clear liquid that nourishes the eye
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iris
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it's muscles control the size of the pupil
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pupil
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iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment
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lens
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Chama shadow to bring objects into focus
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retina
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contains photoreceptor cells
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fovea
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central area of the retina; greatest density of photoreceptors
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optic nerve
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sends visual information to the brain
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blind spot
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area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light
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vitreous humor
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jelly like liquid that nourishes and gives shape to the eye
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visual accommodation
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the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close
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rods
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visual sensory receptors found at the bank of the twins, responsible for non color sensitivity to low levels of light
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cones
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visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision
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dark adaptation
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the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights
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light adaptation
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the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness
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trichromatic theory
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theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green
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afterimages
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images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed
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opponent-process theory
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theory of color vision that proposes visual neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color
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hertz (Hz)
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cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency
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pinna
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the visible part of the ear
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auditory canal
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short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum
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cochlea
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snail shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid
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auditory nerve
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bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear
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pitch
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psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are percieved as higher pitches
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place theory
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theory of pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the simulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of the Corti
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frequency theory
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theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane
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volley principle
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theory of pitch that states that frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4000 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing
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olfaction (olfactory sense)
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the sensation of smell
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olfactory bulbs
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areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that recieve information from the olfactory receptor cells
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somesthetic senses
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the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses
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skin senses
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the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
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kinesthetic sense
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sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other
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vestibular senses
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the sensation of movement, balance, and body position
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sensory conflict theory
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an explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort
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size constancy
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the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance
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shape constancy
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the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when the shape changes on the retina
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brightness constancy
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the tendency to percieve the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change
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figure-ground
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the tendency to percieve objects, or figures, as existing on a background
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reversible figures
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visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed
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proximity
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the tendency to percieve objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping
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similarity
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the tendency to percieve things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group
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closure
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the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
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continuity
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the tendency to percieve things as simply as possible with s continuous pattern rather than with a complex broken up pattern
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contiguity
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the tendency to percieve two things that happen close together in time as being related
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depth perception
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the ability to percieve the world in three dimensions
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monocular cues
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cures for percieving depth based on one eye only
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binocular cues
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cues for percieving depth based on both eyes
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linear perspective
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the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other
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relative size
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perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certian size appear to be small and are therefore assumed to be much father away
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overlap (interposition)
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the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer
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aerial (atmospheric) perspective
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the haziness that surrounds objects that are father away from the viewer, causing the distance to be percieved as greater
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texture gradient
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the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases
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motion parallax
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the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are father away
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accommodation
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as a monocular cue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away
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convergence
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the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant
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binocular disparity
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the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects
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Müller-Lyer illusion
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illusion of line length that is distorted by inward turning out outward turning corners on the ends of the lines causing lines of equal length to appear to be different
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perceptual set
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the tendency to percieve things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions
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top-down processing
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the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
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bottom-up processing
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the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
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