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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
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Character
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value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior
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Temperament
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the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
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Preconscious mind
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level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious
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Conscious mind
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level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions.
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Unconscious mind
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level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.
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id
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part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.
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libido
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the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior.
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Pleasure principle
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principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisdaction of needs without regard for the consequences.
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ego
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part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.
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reality principle
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principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.
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superego
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part of the personlity that acts as a moral center.
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ego ideal
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part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior.
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conscience
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part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal.
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fixation
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disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.
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psychosexual stages
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five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.
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oral stage
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first stage occuring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict
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anal stage
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second stage occuring from about 1-3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.
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anal expulsive personality
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a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile.
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anal retentive personality
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a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn.
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personal unconscious
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Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud.
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collective unconscious
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Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species
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Archetypes
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Jung's collective, universal human memories.
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Basic Anxiety
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anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.
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neurotic personalities
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maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory.
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habits
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in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic.
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social cognitive learning theorists
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theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other peopole's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning.
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social cognitive view
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learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, juding, memory and imitation of models.
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reciprocal determinism
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Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.
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self-efficacy
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individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance.
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humanistic perspective
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the "third foce" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
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self-actualizing tendency
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the striving to fultill one's innate capacities and capabilities
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self-concept
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the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life.
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self
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archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personalit
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real self
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one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
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ideal self
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one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be.
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positive regard
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warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life.
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unconditional positive regard
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positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.
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conditional positive regard
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positive regard that isgiven only when the person is doing what the providors of positive regard wish.
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fully functioning person
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a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
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trait theories
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theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.
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trait
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a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.
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surface traits
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aspects of personliaty that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
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source traits
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the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core personality
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five-factor model (Big Five)
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model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions
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openness
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one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
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conscientiousness
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the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others;dependability
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extraversion
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dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people
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extraverts
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people who are outgoing and sociable
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introverts
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people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention
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agreeableness
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the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.
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neuroticism
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degree of emotional instability or stability
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trait-situation interaction
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the assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed.
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behavioral genetics
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field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics.
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interview
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method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructure fashion.
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halo effect
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tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements.
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projection
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defence mechanism involving placing or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself.
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projective tests
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personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.
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Rorschach inkblot test
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projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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projective test that uses 20 picture of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.
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sunjective
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referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences.
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direct observation
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assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.
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rating scale
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assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale
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frequency count
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assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted
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personality inventory
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paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.
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