Psych: Ch. 11,12,14

Front 1

Sex

Back 1

Biological maleness and femaleness, including chromosomal sex; also activities related to sexual behaviors, such as masturbation and intercourse

Front 2

Gender

Back 2

Psychological and sociocultural meaning added to biological maleness or femaleness

Front 3

Gender Identity

Back 3

Self-identification as either a man or a woman

Front 4

Sexual Orientation

Back 4

Primary erotic attraction towards members of the same sex (homosexual, gay or lesbian) both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (heterosexual)

Front 5

Gender Role

Back 5

Societal expectations for normal and appropriate male and female behavior

Front 6

Androgyny

Back 6

Combining male characteristics considered typically male (assertive, athletic) with characteristics considered typically female (yielding, nurturing)

Front 7

Sexual Response Cycle

Back 7

Masters and Johnson's description of the four-stage bodily response to sexual arousal, which consists of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Front 8

Excitement Phase

Back 8

First stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by increasing level of arousal and increased engorgement of the genitals

Front 9

Plateau Phase

Back 9

Second stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by a leveling off in a state of high arousal

Front 10

Orgasm Phase

Back 10

Third stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by a leveling off in a state of high arousal

Front 11

Resolution Phase

Back 11

Final stage of the sexual response cycle, when the body returns to its unaroused state

Front 12

Refractory Period

Back 12

Phase following orgasm, during which further orgasm is considered physiologically impossible for men

Front 13

Sexual Prejudice

Back 13

Negative attitudes toward an individual because of her or his sexual orientation

Front 14

Sexual Dysfunction

Back 14

Impairment of the normal physiological processes of arousal and orgasm

Front 15

Performance Anxiety

Back 15

Fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity

Front 16

Double Standard

Back 16

Beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality

Front 17

Sexual Scripts

Back 17

Socially dictated descriptions of "appropriate" behaviors for sexual interactions

Front 18

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Back 18

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) destroy the immune system's ability to fight disease, leaving the body vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic infections and cancers

Front 19

HIV Positive

Back 19

Being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Front 20

Motivation

Back 20

Set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a goal

Front 21

Emotion

Back 21

A subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations) and expressions (frowns, smiles, and running)

Front 22

Instincts

Back 22

Fixed response patterns that are unlearned and found in almost all members of a species

Front 23

Drive-Reduction Theory

Back 23

Motivation begins with a physiological need (a lack or deficiency) that elicits a drive toward behavior that will satisfy the original need; once the need is met, a state of balance (homeostasis) is restored and motivation decreases

Front 24

Homeostasis

Back 24

A body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state, such as a constant internal temperature

Front 25

Arousal Theory

Back 25

Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal

Front 26

Incentive Theory

Back 26

Motivation results from external stimuli that "pull" the organism in certain directions

Front 27

Hierarchy of Needs

Back 27

Maslow's theory that some motives (such as physiological and safety needs) must be met before going on to higher needs (such as belonging and self-actualization)

Front 28

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 28

Severe loss of weight resulting from self-imposed starvation and an obsessive fear of obesity

Front 29

Bulimia Nervosa

Back 29

Consuming large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by vomiting, extreme exercise, and/or laxative use (purging)

Front 30

Achievement Motivation

Back 30

Desire to excel, especially in competition with others

Front 31

Amygdala

Back 31

Area of the brain's limbic system involved in emotional responses

Front 32

James-Lange Theory

Back 32

Emotions result from physiological arousal and behavioral expression; in this view, each emotion is physiologically distinct

Front 33

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 33

Arousal, behavior, and emotions occur simultaneously; in this view, all emotions are physiologically similar

Front 34

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

Back 34

Movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions

Front 35

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

Back 35

Emotions result from physical arousal and cognitive labeling (or interpretation) of that arousal based on external clues

Front 36

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 36

Motivation resulting from personal enjoyment of a task or activity

Front 37

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 37

Motivation based on obvious external rewards or threats of punishment

Front 38

Polygraph

Back 38

Instrument that measures heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness

Front 39

Emotional Intelligence

Back 39

Goleman's term for the ability to know and manage one's emotions, empathize with others, and maintain satisfying relationships

Front 40

Abnormal Behavior

Back 40

Patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological (diseased or disordered) for one or more of these reasons: statistical infrequency, disability or dysfunction, personal distress, or violation of norms

Front 41

Insanity

Back 41

Legal term applied when people cannot be held responsiblie for their actions, or are judged incompetent to manage their own affairs, because of mental illness

Front 42

Medical Model

Back 42

Perspective that assumes diseases (including mental illness) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and possibly cured

Front 43

Psychiatry

Back 43

Branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

Front 44

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

Back 44

Classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to describe abnormal behaviors; the IV-TR indicates it is the text revision of the fourth major revision

Front 45

Neurosis

Back 45

Outmoded term for disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety and other associated problems

Front 46

Psychosis

Back 46

Serious mental disorders characterized by extreme mental disruption and loss of contact with reality

Front 47

Anxiety Disorder

Back 47

Type of abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic, irrational behavior

Front 48

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 48

Persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating anxiety

Front 49

Panic Disorder

Back 49

Sudden and inexplicable panic attacks; symptoms include difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, terror, and feelings of impending doom

Front 50

Phobia

Back 50

Intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

Front 51

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Back 51

Intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), or both

Front 52

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 52

Long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life

Front 53

Bipolar Disorder

Back 53

Repeated episodes of mania (unreasonable elation and hyperactivity) and depression

Front 54

Learned Helplessness

Back 54

Seligman's term for a state of helplessness or resignation in which human or nonhuman animals learn that escape from something painful is impossible and depression results

Front 55

Schizophrenia

Back 55

Group of psychiatric disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior; the individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations

Front 56

Hallucinations

Back 56

Imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli

Front 57

Delusions

Back 57

Mistaken beliefs based on a misrepresentation of reality

Front 58

Dopamine Hypothesis

Back 58

Theory that overactivity of dopamine neurons may contribute to some forms of schizophrenia

Front 59

Substance-Related Disorders

Back 59

Abuse of, or dependence on, a mood- or behavior-altering drug

Front 60

Comorbidity

Back 60

Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person at the same time as when a person suffers from both depression and alcoholism

Front 61

Dissociative Disorder

Back 61

Amnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from a splitting apart of experience from memory or consciousness

Front 62

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Back 62

Presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same individual at different times; previously known as multiple personality disorder

Front 63

Personality Disorders

Back 63

Inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning

Front 64

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Back 64

Profound disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

Front 65

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Back 65

Impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image