Psych Ch 10

Front 1

Phonology

Back 1

The sound system of a language and the rules for combing sounds to produce meaningful units of speech.

Front 2

Phonemes

Back 2

Basic unit of sound that are used in a language.

Front 3

Morphology

Back 3

Rules governing the formation of meaningful words from sounds.

Front 4

Semantics

Back 4

The expressed meaning of words and sentences.

Front 5

Morphemes

Back 5

Smallest meaningful language units.

Front 6

Free Morphemes

Back 6

Morphemes that can stand alone as a word.
(cat, go, green)

Front 7

Bound Morphemes

Back 7

Morphemes that cannot stand alone but modify the meaning of free morphemes.
(ed, s)

Front 8

Syntax

Back 8

The structure of a language, the rules that describe how words and grammatical markers are to be combined to produce meaningful sentences.

Front 9

Pragmatics

Back 9

Principles that underlie the effective and appropriate use of language in social contexts.

Front 10

Learning Perspective

Back 10

-B. F. Skinner
-Imitated, reinforced, corrected.
-Parents reinforce truth over grammar.

Front 11

Nativist Perspective

Back 11

-Chomsky
-LAD = language acquisition device: contains universal grammar, knowledge of rules common to all languages, allows children to form theorys
-LMC = language-making capacity: specialized linguistic processing skills that enable children to analyze speech
-Can't explain how and overlooks environment.

Front 12

Aphasia

Back 12

Loss of one more more language functions.

Front 13

Broca's Area

Back 13

Structure located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex that controls language production. Damage to does not affect understanding.

Front 14

Wernicke's Area

Back 14

Structure located in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for interpreting speech.

Front 15

Pidgins

Back 15

Combined methods of speaking.
Ex: Spanglish

Front 16

Creoles

Back 16

Languages that have originated from pidgins.

Front 17

Interactionist Perspective

Back 17

Belief that biological and environmental factors influence language development.

Front 18

Motherese

Back 18

Baby talk, high pitched, and emphasizes key words.

Front 19

Expansions

Back 19

Reciting the child's sentence grammatically correct.

Front 20

Recasts

Back 20

Restating the child's words in a new statement that is grammatically correct.

Front 21

Receptive Language

Back 21

Language that a child understands when listening.

Front 22

Productive Language

Back 22

Language that a child is capable of producing on their own.

Front 23

Holophrase

Back 23

One word representing an entire sentence worth of meaning.

Front 24

Referential Style

Back 24

Toddlers use language to label objects.

Front 25

Expressive Style

Back 25

Toddlers use language to express themselves and to interact socially.

Front 26

Overextension

Back 26

A child uses one word to describe a whole group of objects.
(dog for all four legged animals)

Front 27

Underextension

Back 27

A child uses one word to describe a specific object.
(candy for mint)

Front 28

Processing Constraint

Back 28

A child prefers one word to describe something over another.

Front 29

Object Scope Constraint

Back 29

A child assumes a word names an object instead only of describing something about it. (color)

Front 30

Mutual Exclusivity Constraint

Back 30

A child assumes an object has one name and that other names of parts are for other things.

Front 31

Lexical Contrast Constraint

Back 31

A child learns new words by comparing them to words they already know.

Front 32

Syntactical Bootstrapping

Back 32

A child learns new words by analyzing the way words are used in sentences.

Front 33

Telegraphic Speech

Back 33

Sentences with only content words.
(There book, Where ball)

Front 34

Overregularization

Back 34

Adding grammar endings to words that do not apply.
(mouses instead of mice)

Front 35

Transformational Grammar

Back 35

Turning sentences into questions, negatives, imperatives.

Front 36

Referential Communication Skills

Back 36

To produce clear messages.
To recognize unclear messages.
To process unclear messages.

Front 37

Metalinguistic Awareness

Back 37

Understanding that language can be used for purposes other than communication.

Front 38

Protodeclarative

Back 38

End of first year, points at something to draw their attention to what they see.

Front 39

Protoimperative

Back 39

Getting someone to do something by gestures.