Psych Ch 1-4

Front 1

psychopathology

Back 1

the field concerned with the nature development and treatment of mental disorders.

Front 2

stigma

Back 2

destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner (like people with mental disorders)
1. a label
2. label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society
3. people with label are "different" us vs them
4. discrimination

Front 3

mental disorder

Back 3

a clinically significant behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern
-present distress or disability
-significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain
-cant be an expectable and culturally sanctioned response
-doesnt always have to cause distress

Front 4

disability

Back 4

impairment in some important area of life
-phobias
-alone cannot be used to define mental disorder (bulemia)

Front 5

social norms

Back 5

widely held standers (beliefs and attitudes) that people use consciously to make judgments about where behaviors are situated
-vary a great deal across cultures and ethnic groups

Front 6

harmful dysfunction

Back 6

-Wakefield
- a value judgement (harmful) and objective, scientific component (dysfunction)
- depends on social norms and values
-dysfunctions occur when an internal mechanism is unable to perform its natural function

Front 7

demonology

Back 7

doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his mind and body
- Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks
- treated by exorcism

Front 8

exorcism

Back 8

treatment of demonology
- ritualistic casting out of evil spirits
- prayer, noise making, forcing the afflicted to drink terrible tasting brew, flogging and starvation

Front 9

Hippocrates

Back 9

-father of modern medicine
- separated medicine from religion, magic and superstition
-rejected belief that gods send mental disturbances
-brain is organ of consciousness, emotion and intellect
-3 classifications of mental disorder: mania, melancholia, phrenitis (brain fever)
-normal brain functioning depended on black bile (melancholia), blood (changeable temperament), yellow bile (irritability and anxiousness) and phlegm (sluggish and dull)

Front 10

Galen

Back 10

greek
-last great physician of classical era/ Dark ages
- christian monasteries replaced physicians as healers and as authority
-monks cared for people with mental disorders
-return to a belief in supernatural causes of mental disorders

Front 11

Lunacy Trials

Back 11

thirteenth century
-held to determine a persons mental health in England
-defendents orientation, memory, intellect, daily life, and habits were at issue
lunacy- odd behavior was attributed to misalignment of moon and stars

Front 12

asylum

Back 12

leprosariums were converted into asylums
- refuges for the confinement and care of people with mental illnesses

Front 13

bedlam

Back 13

asylum in Bethlehem
- a place or scene of wild uproar and confusion.
-londons great tourist attractions
-viewing patients was entertainment
-medical treatments were crude and painful

Front 14

Benjamin Rush

Back 14

-father of american psychiatry
-mental disorder was caused by an excess of blood in the brain
-could be cured by being frightened so convincing patient that death was near

Front 15

Philippe Pinel

Back 15

movement for humanitarian treatment of people with mental illness in asylums
-moral treatment
-removed the chains of people imprisoned in La Bicetre
- treated patients as sick humans, not beasts
- also Jean Baptiste Pussin
- reserved the more humanitarian treatment for uper class, lower class was still subject to shit

Front 16

moral treatment

Back 16

patients had close contact with attendants who talked and read to them
-residents led lives as close to normal

Front 17

Dorothea Dix

Back 17

crusader for improved conditions for people with mental illness
- had 32 state hospitals built
- took in patients that private hospitals couldnt accommodate
- hospitals were administered by physicians and money went to labs and equipment

Front 18

general paresis

Back 18

syndrome characterized by a steady deterioration of both mental and physical abilities
-delusions of grandeur and progressive paralysis
-people also has syphilis

Front 19

Louis Pasteur

Back 19

-germ theory of disease
- disease is caused by infection of body by minute organisms
-laid groundwork for demonstration the relation between syphilis and general paresis
- destruction of certain areas of brain

Front 20

Francis Galton

Back 20

originator of genetic research with twins
- attributed behavioral characteristics to heredity

Front 21

eugenics movement

Back 21

eliminate undesirable characteristics from population by restricting right to have children
- US laws were written in late 1800s early 1900s to prohibit marriage and force sterilization for people with mental illnesses

Front 22

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 22

biological treatment
- Ugo Cerletti and Lucino Bini
- applying electric shocks to the sides of human head producing epileptic seizures
- schizophrenia and depression
- still used for severe depression

Front 23

prefrontal lobotomy

Back 23

Egas Moniz
-biological approach
- surgical procedure that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain
- for violent behavior
- people became dull and listless and suffered serious losses in their cognitive capacities
- couldnt carry conversation

Front 24

hysteria

Back 24

18th century western europe
- physical incapacities like blindness or paralysis for which physical cause could be found

Front 25

Franz Mesmer

Back 25

hysteria was caused by a particular distribution of a universal magnetic fluid in body
- rods transmitted animal magnetism and adjust the distribution of universal magnetic fluid and removed disorder
-considered one of early practitioners of modern day hypnosis
mesmerism

Front 26

jean Charcot

Back 26

-hysteria
-took on patients no other doctors would treat
-1800s
- his students hypnotized a healthy woman and induced her to display certain hysterical symptoms
-he was deceived to believe that she was an actual patient with hysteria
- when students woke her, he changed his mind about hysteria and became interested in psychological interpretations

Front 27

Josel Breuer

Back 27

hypnosis
-case of Anna O
- treated a patient and led her to talk more freely with considerable emotion and upsetting past events and when woken she felt much better
-cathartic method

Front 28

cathartic method

Back 28

reliving an earlier emotional trauma and releasing emotional tension
- Anna O and Josel Breuer

Front 29

Freud

Back 29

much of human behavior is determined by forces that are inaccessible to awareness
-psychoanalytic theory
- id ego and superego
- pleasure and reality principle
-libido

Front 30

psyche

Back 30

freud
- id - present at birth, urges for food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, sex. unconscious
-ego- develops from the during second 6 months of life and are primarily conscious; dealing with reality
-superego- persons conscience; begin to incorporate parental values as their own and eliminate unacceptable impulses

Front 31

pleasure principle

Back 31

psychoanalytic theory
- demanding manner that id uses, seeking immediate gratification of its needs
-Freud

Front 32

reality principle

Back 32

-psychoanalytic theory
- ego
- delays gratification and otherwise deals with the environment in a planned, rational fashion
-freud

Front 33

defense mechanisms

Back 33

-psychoanalyis
- a strategy used by ego to protect itself from anxiety
-freud
-ego

Front 34

repression

Back 34

keeping unacceptable impulses from conscious awareness
- starting lecture shes dreading with "in conclusion"
- someone who was abused cant form relationships

Front 35

denial

Back 35

not accepting a painful reality into conscious awareness
- not acknowledging abuse as child

Front 36

projection

Back 36

attributing to someone else, your own unacceptable thoughts
- hating jews but thinking they hate you

Front 37

displacement

Back 37

redirecting emotional responses from their real target to someone else
-being mad at mom but treating friend like shit

Front 38

reaction formation

Back 38

converting an unacceptable feeling into its opposite
-a person with sexual feelings towards children leads to a campaign against child sexual abuse

Front 39

regression

Back 39

retreating to the behavior patterns of an earlier stage of development
-sucking thumb at age 15

Front 40

rationalization

Back 40

offering acceptable reasons for an unacceptable action or attitude
- being denied a date and then saying he wasn't good looking anyway

Front 41

sublimation

Back 41

converting unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviors
-kickboxing to get out anger

Front 42

stages of psychosexual development

Back 42

Freud

1. oral- 0-18 months; demands of id, feeding, sucking, biting; lips, mouth, gums, tongue
2. anal- 18- 3 years; pleasure via anus; pooping
3. phallic- 3-5 genital stimulation
4. latency period- 6-12; id impulses do not play a major role in motivating behavior
5. genital stage- heterosexual interests predominate

having a conflict at one of these stages leads to a fixation

Front 43

fixation

Back 43

when stressed, they will regress to the stage where they had excessive or deficient amounts of gratification

Front 44

psychoanalysis

Back 44

attempts to help people face childhood conflicts, gain insight into them, and resolve them

-free association
- interpretation
-analysis of transference

Front 45

free association

Back 45

psychoanalysis
- patient tries to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything
-patient reclines facing away from analyst

Front 46

transference

Back 46

psychoanalysis
-patient puts attitudes on Dr. instead of a person they actually feel strongly about

Front 47

interpretation

Back 47

-psychoanalysis
- analyst points out to patient the meaning of certain behaviors
-defense mechanisms are focused on

Front 48

Jung

Back 48

-analytical psychology
- collective unconscious
-opposite of Freud
- archetypes

Front 49

analytical psychology

Back 49

focus less on biological drives and more on factors such as self-fulfillment, collective unconscious and religious symbolism
-Jung

Front 50

collective unconscious

Back 50

-jung
- concept that every human being carries within the wisdom, ideas, and strivings of those who have come before

Front 51

archetypes

Back 51

-jung
- basic categories that all humans use in conceptualizing about the world
- extraversion vs introversion

Front 52

Alfred Adler

Back 52

- individual psychology
- focus on helping individual patients change their illogical and mistaken ideas and expectations
-thinking more rationally

Front 53

individual psychology

Back 53

Adler
- regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good.
-importance of working towards goals

Front 54

Ego analysis

Back 54

Karen Horney and Anna Freud
- greater emphasis on a persons ability to control the environment and to select the time and the means for satisfying basic drives
-living conditions, social interactions

Front 55

Behaviorism

Back 55

Watson
- focus on observable behavior rather than consciousness or mental functioning
-classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling

Front 56

watson

Back 56

behaviorism
- revolutionized psychology
-baby albert

Front 57

classical conditioning

Back 57

-behaviorism
- Pavlov
- unconditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus-->conditioned stimulus
- can instill pathological fear
(Baby Albert)

Front 58

extinction

Back 58

too many times of conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus following it

Front 59

Baby Albert

Back 59

Watson and Rayner
loud noise whenever albert would reach for rat
- albert feared rat that he used to love

Front 60

skinner

Back 60

-operant conditioning
- renamed thorndikes "principle of reinforcement"
- box- hungry rat
-shaping

Front 61

operant conditioning

Back 61

positive and negative reinforcement
-behavior operated on the environment
-skinner

Front 62

thorndike

Back 62

studied effects of consequences on behavior
- law of effect- behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying will be repeated

Front 63

shaping

Back 63

rewarding a series of responses that more and more closely resemble the desired response

Front 64

modeling

Back 64

Bandura and Menlove
watching and imitating
-can decrease or increase certain activities

Front 65

Behavior Therapy

Back 65

aka behavior modification
- change behavior and feelings by applying in a clinical way
- aversive conditioning
- systematic desensitization
- modeling

Front 66

aversive conditioning

Back 66

associate something you are attracted to (cigarettes) something that you hate or that is not attractive (drug that makes you nauseous
-behavioral therapy

Front 67

systematic desensitization

Back 67

-behavior therapy
- phobias and anxiety
- 1. deep muscle relaxation
-2. gradual exposure to a list of feared situations

Front 68

clinical psychologists

Back 68

4-8 years of graduate school
Ph. D. or Psy. D
-

Front 69

Ph D

Back 69

research, statistics, neuroscience
-assessment oand doagnosis of psychopathology
- learn how to practice psychotherapy (helping people change their thoughts_

Front 70

Psy. D

Back 70

less emphasis on research and more on clinical training
- specific techniques of assessment and therapeutic intervention rather than combining practice with research

Front 71

psychiatrist

Back 71

M.D
-administer medication
-examinations, diagnosing medical problems
-prescribing psychoactive meds

Front 72

psychiatric nurse

Back 72

bachelors or masters
-nurse practitioner that will allow them to prescribe psychoactive medications

Front 73

counseling psychologist

Back 73

less emphasis on mental disorders and more on prevention, education and general life problems.
-schools, mental health agencies, industry, community

Front 74

social workers

Back 74

MSW
-2 years
-do not receive training in psychological assessment

Front 75

Marriage and family therapists (MFT)

Back 75

families or couples
- master or doctoral levels
-specialized training and certification in marriage and family therapy

Front 76

Paradigm

Back 76

a conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works
- a set of basic assumptions that defines how to conceptualize and study a subject
- genetic, neuroscience, psychodynamic, cognitive, and factors that cut across

Front 77

genetic

Back 77

- almost all behavior is heritable to some degree
- genes do not operate in isolation, they work with environment (both influence each other)
-nature vs nurture

Front 78

heritability

Back 78

extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by the genetic favors

-range from 0.1 to 1
- relevant only for a large population not just a particular individual
- ADHD- 0.7
70% genes 30% environment

Front 79

shared environment

Back 79

factors that members of a family have in common
- income, cild rearing practices , parents marital status

Front 80

non shared environment

Back 80

relationships with friends
-specific events unique to an individual
- important in understanding why two siblings are different

Front 81

behavior genetics

Back 81

degree to which genes and environmental factors influence behavior
genotype- phenotype

Front 82

phenotype

Back 82

totality of observable behavioral characteristics
-anxiety
-changes over time and is the product of an interaction between genotype and environment

Front 83

genotype

Back 83

total genetic make up of an individual

Front 84

Turkheimer

Back 84

study of IQ and how poverty effects it

Front 85

Molecular genetics

Back 85

find out what exactly is heritable by identifying particular genes and their functions
-alleles
-promoters
-transcription factors
-polymorphism

Front 86

serotonin transporter gene

Back 86

people with 1 or 2 short alleles have a higher change of depression if in correct environment

Front 87

Darlene Francis

Back 87

-genetic paradigm
- adoption study- even adopted children that were treated well then treated their kids well in same way and had no stress
- environment caused it so that even though child inherited bad genes, it wasnt turned on (in this situation it WAS turned on)

Front 88

Reciprocal Gene-Environment Interactions

Back 88

genes may predispose us to seek out certain environments that then increase our risk for developing a particular disorder

Front 89

epigenetics

Back 89

study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function

Front 90

neuroscience paradigm

Back 90

mental disorders are linked to aberrant process in the brain
-study brain regions
-study neurotransmitters

Front 91

neurotransmitters

Back 91

chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse to another neuron.

Front 92

norepinephrine

Back 92

sympathetic nervous system
-high arousal
-anxiety disorders, stress related conditions

Front 93

GABA

Back 93

inhibits nerve impulses throughout most areas of the brain
-anxiety disorders

Front 94

secondary messangers

Back 94

adjust sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors

Front 95

dopamine

Back 95

antagonist of this are used to treat schizophrenia

Front 96

corpus callosum

Back 96

major connection between two hemispheres allowing for communication

Front 97

gray matter

Back 97

thin outer covering of brain comprised of neurons
-6 layers
- ridges = gyri
-depression= sulci

Front 98

basal ganglia

Back 98

regulate starting and stopping both motor and cognitive activity.
-deep within each hemisphere

Front 99

ventricles

Back 99

cavities filled with cerbrospinal fluid

Front 100

thalamus

Back 100

relay station for all sensory pathways except the olfactory .
- receive all impulses arriving from sensory areas before passing them onto the cortex

Front 101

brain stem

Back 101

medulla and pons
-neural relay station
- pons- connect cerebellum with spinal cord and motor areas
medulla- main line of traffic

Front 102

cerebellum

Back 102

balance, posture, equilibrium, coordination

Front 103

limbic system

Back 103

visceral and physical expressions of emotion (heart beat, sweating, hunger, mating, defense
-anterior cingulate
-septal area
-hippocampus
-hypothalamus
-amygdala

Front 104

anterior cingulate

Back 104

decision making in daily conflict (anxiety disorders)

Front 105

hypothalamus

Back 105

regulates metabolism, temperature, perspiration, blood pressure, sleeping

Front 106

amygdala

Back 106

attention to emotionally salient stimuli and memory for emotionally relevant memories

Front 107

pruning

Back 107

as we age, synaptic connections become eliminated. some also become faster

Front 108

HPA axis

Back 108

central to body's response to stress and stress figures prominently in many disorders

Front 109

cortisol

Back 109

stress hormone
-takes 20-40 minutes to hit peak

Front 110

neuroscience approaches to treatment

Back 110

psychoactive drugs -re-uptake, blockers
fMRI- blood oxygen levels measuring neurotransmitter levels through metabolites
- lobotomy
- ECT

Front 111

psychoanalytic paradigm

Back 111

childhood experiences effect life
-freud
-focus on past and unconscious conflicts
-implicit memory

Front 112

pathogenic beliefs

Back 112

beliefs that are outside of the conscience and are responsible for other maladaptive thoughts and emotions
-survival guilt
-psychoanalytic

Front 113

implicit memory

Back 113

a person can without being aware of it, be influenced by prior learning
-being shown a list of words

Front 114

object relations theory

Back 114

the importance of long-standing patterns in close relationships
"object"- another person
how the self is situated in relation to other people

Front 115

attachment theory

Back 115

Ainsworth and Bowlby
- type of style of an infants attachment to his or her caregivers can set the stage for psychological heather problems later in life

Front 116

relational self

Back 116

the self in relation to others
- people will describe themselves differently depending on what other close relationships they have been asked to think about

Front 117

brief therapy

Back 117

time limited psychodynamic therapies
- therapist takes active role
-makes clear right away that therapy is limited

Front 118

interpersonal therapy

Back 118

psychoanalytic therapy
- effective treatment for depression, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders
- current relationships in a persons life and how problems in these relationships can contribute to symptoms
four issues:
- unresolved grief
-role transitions
-role disputes
- interpersonal or social deficits

-focus on long standing problems in relationships

Front 119

Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

Back 119

interaction of how we think and how we behave. Consciousness and the present
-classical conditioning
-exposure
- time out
-token economy
- operant conditioning
-schemas

Front 120

schema

Back 120

a cognitive set
-people put new information into an organized network of already accumulated knowledge
-cognitive therapy tries to change this
s

Front 121

stroop task

Back 121

see a set of color names in inks different from those colors and have to name the ink color
then do this when the words say threat danger happy

people with anxiety find it very impulsive to read the emotional word

Front 122

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Back 122

pay attention to private events- thoughts, perceptions, judgements, self-statements

Front 123

cognitive restructuring

Back 123

general term for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing a disturbed emotion or behavior

Front 124

Aaron Beck

Back 124

cognitive behavior therapist for depression
- depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people perceive life experiences
- attention, interpretation and recall of negative and positive information were biased in depression
-try to change peoples biases

Front 125

Albert Ellis

Back 125

Rational Emotive Behavior theory
- emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves
-unspoken assumptions-irrational beliefs- about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life
-eliminate self defeating beliefs

Front 126

emotion

Back 126

expression, experience, physiology
schizophrenia- no facial expression

Front 127

ideal effect

Back 127

kinds of emotional states that a person ideally wants to feel
-varies depending on cultural factors

Front 128

factors that cut across paradigms

Back 128

emotion and sociocultural
-cant contribute everything to one of these things

Front 129

socio-cultural

Back 129

economics, culture, social relationships

Front 130

diathesis stress

Back 130

cuts across paradigms
- diathesis- something that predisposes you to something (biological)
stressor- need environments to cause predisposition to set off r

Front 131

reliability

Back 131

consistency of measurement
-interrater
-test retest
-internal consistency