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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical conditioning
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-a kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced
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Conditioned emotional response-
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feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event.
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Conditioned response
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elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to, the unconditioned response.
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Conditioned stimulus
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formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
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Continuous reinforcement
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every occurrence of the operant response results in delivery of the reinforcer.
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Discrimination
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in operant conditioning discrimination means that a response is emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is reinforced and not in the presence of unreinforced stimuli. In classical conditioning discrimination is the tendency for some stimuli but not others to elicit a conditioned response.
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Extinction-
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in operant conditioning, extinction refers to the reduction in an operant response when it is no longer followed by the reinforcer. In classical conditioning, extinction refers to the reduction in a response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus.
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Fixed-interval schedule
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a reinforcer occurs only after a fixed number of responses are made by the subject
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Generalization
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in operant conditioning generalization is an animal or person emits the same response to similar stimuli. In classical conditioning generalization is the tendency for a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response similar to the conditioned response.
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Insight
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a mental process marked by the sudden and unexpected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the “ah-ha!” experience.
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Law of effect
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says that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future.
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Learning
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a relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses.
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Negative reinforcement
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an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus whose removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again.
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Operant conditioning
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also called instrumental conditioning, a kind of learning in which an animal or human performs some behavior, and the following consequence (reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that same behavior.
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Partial reinforcement
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situation in which responding is reinforced only some of the time.
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Positive reinforcement-
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presenting an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus (such as spanking) after a response. The aversive stimulus decreases the chances that the response will recur.
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Punishment
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a consequence that occurs after a behavior and decreases the chance that the behavior will occur again.
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Reinforcement
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consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the chance that the behavior will occur again.
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Shaping
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a procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior.
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Spontaneous recovery-
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n operant conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to a temporary recovery in the rate of responding. In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to the temporary occurrence of the conditioned response to the presence of the conditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned response
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is an unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned stimulus
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stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation or eye blink.
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Variable-interval schedule
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reinforcer occurs following the first correct response after an average amount of time has passed.
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Variable-ration schedule
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reinforcer is delivered after an average number of correct responses has occurred.
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