Psych

Front 1

The primary function of the senses is to act

as _________

Back 1

transducers

Front 2

Information from the sense organs creates _____

Back 2

sensations

Front 3

When the brain organizes sensations into meaningful patterns we speak of _________

Back 3

perception

Front 4

Energy below a certain minimum intensity is necessary for a sensation to occur. The necessary minimum defines the ________ _________ of a sensory system

Back 4

absolute threshold

Front 5

Visible light starts at short wavelengths of 400 nanometers, which we sense in what colors?

Back 5

Purple of violet

Front 6

Longer light waves produce what colors?

(at a wavelnght of 700 nanometers)

Back 6

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Front 7

Eyes have a ______ to focus images on a light sensitive layer at the back of an enclosed space

Back 7

lens

Front 8

In the eye is a layer of ________ in the _______, an area about the size and thickness of a postage stamp

Back 8

Photoreceptors, retina

Front 9

Most eye focusing is done at the front of the eye by the _______, a clear membrane that bends light inward

Back 9

cornea

Front 10

In focusing, the _____ makes smaller adjustments

Back 10

lens

Front 11

The eye has two image sensors called:

Back 11

rods, cones

Front 12

The 5 million _____ in each eye work best in bright light

Back 12

cones

Front 13

Numbering about 120 million, _______ can't detect colors, only black and white

Back 13

rods

Front 14

Each eye has a ______ ______ because there are no receptors where the optic nerve passes out of the eye and blood vessels enter

Back 14

blind spot

Front 15

Sound travels as a series of invisible waves of

(peaks)_______ and (valleys)________ in the air

Back 15

compression, rarefaction

Front 16

The _______ of sound waves (the number of waves per second) corresponds to the perceived

________ (higher or lower tone) of a sound.

Back 16

frequency, pitch

Front 17

The ______ or physical "height" of a sound wave tells how much energy it contains

Back 17

amplitude

Front 18

How we hear sound:

Hearing begins with the _____, the visible external part of the ear which acts like a funnel to concentrate sounds. After they are guided into the ear canal, sound waves collide with the ______ ______, (eardrum) setting it in motion. This causes three small bones, the ________ _______ to vibrate. The ossicles link the eardrum with the ________, a snail shaped organ that makes up the inner ear. the stapes is attached to a membrane on the cochlea called the _______ ________. As the oval window moves back and forth, it makes waves in a fluid inside the cochlea.Inside the cochlea tiny ________ _______ detect waves in the fluid. The hair cells are part of the ________ ____ _______, which makes up the center part of the cochlea. A set of ____________ "bristles" atop each hair cell brush against the tectorial membrane when waves ripple through the fluid surrounding the organ of corti. As the stereocilia are bent, nerve impulses are triggered which flow into the brain.

Back 18

pinna

tympanic membrane

auditory ossicles

cochlea

oval window

hair cells

organ of corti

stereocilia

Front 19

What are the three auditory ossicles?

Back 19

Malleus, incus, stapes

OR

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Front 20

Poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear

Back 20

conductive hearing loss

Front 21

Loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner ear hair cells or auditory nerve

Back 21

Sensorineural hearing loss

Front 22

Sense of smell

Back 22

olfaction

Front 23

Humans carry genes for about ______ types of smell receptors, only about ______ of them are actually expressed

Back 23

1000, 400

Front 24

Theory that odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules

Back 24

Lock and key theory of olfaction

Front 25

total loss of sense of smell:

Back 25

anosmia

Front 26

partial loss of sense of smell:

Back 26

dysosmia

Front 27

Sense of taste

Back 27

gustation

Front 28

four basic taste sensations:

Back 28

In order of most sensitive to and least to:

bitter

sour

salt

sweet

Front 29

Fifth taste sensation:

Back 29

Umami

Front 30

How we taste:

As food is chewed, it dissolves and enters the

_____ _____, where it sets off nerve impulses to the brain

Back 30

taste buds

Front 31

Pain carried by large nerve fibers; warns that bodily damage may be occurring:

Back 31

warning system

Front 32

pain carried by small nerve fibers; reminding the brain that the body has been injured:

Back 32

reminding system

Front 33

Proposes that pain messages pass through neural "gates" in the spinal cord

Back 33

gate control theory

Front 34

Gate control theory helps explain __________, one widely used pain control technique.

ex. pinch yourself while having a tooth filled

Back 34

counterirritation

Front 35

We spend most of our lives in _______ ________, a state of clear, organized alertness.

Back 35

Waking consciousness

Front 36

A condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness

Back 36

altered state of consciousness

Front 37

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Back 37

hypersomnia

Front 38

Sleep is described as an ______ _______ _______

Back 38

innate biological rythym

Front 39

How many stages of sleep?

Back 39

4

Front 40

Stage 1 and what would EEG show

Back 40

light sleep

small irregular waves with some alpha waves

Front 41

Stage 2 and what would EEG show

Back 41

Sleep deepens

sleep spindles start to appear

Front 42

Stage 3 and what would EEG show

Back 42

deeper slow wave sleep

Delta waves start to appear

Front 43

Stage 4 and what would EEG show

Back 43

Deep sleep

Mostly delta

Front 44

Completely awake what wave would EEG show

Back 44

Beta

Front 45

Eyes closed, relaxed, maybe starting to doze off what would EEG show

Back 45

Alpha waves

Front 46

NREM sleep occurs during which sleep stages?

Back 46

1, 2, 3, 4

Front 47

REM is associated with ________ and a return to stage ___ EEG patterns

Back 47

dreaming, 1

Front 48

Proposes that NREM sleep reduces the overall level of brain activation, allowing unimportant memories to be forgotten while REM sleep sharpens memory for important events from the previous day

Back 48

Dual process hypothesis of sleep

Front 49

When a person compulsively uses a drug to maintain bodily comfort, a _______ ________

(addiction) exists

Back 49

physical dependence

Front 50

Addiction occurs most often with drugs that cause ______ _______ (physical illness that follows removal of a drug)

Back 50

withdrawal symptoms

Front 51

Addiction is often accompanied by a

________ ________ (reduced response to a drug)

Back 51

drug tolerance

Front 52

Persons who develop a _______ ________ feel that a drug is necessary to maintain their comfort or well being

Back 52

Psychological dependence

Front 53

A ________ is a substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system

Back 53

stimulant (upper)

Front 54

A ________ is a substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system

Back 54

depressant (downer)

Front 55

A drug that lowers anxiety and reduces tension

Back 55

tranquilizers

Front 56

Many drugs can be rated on a _________-________ scale according to their effects on the central nervous system

Back 56

stimulation-depression

Front 57

Amphetamines

Back 57

upper

Front 58

nicotine

Back 58

upper

Front 59

narcotics

Back 59

downer

Front 60

Xanax, Halcion, Librium, valium

Back 60

tranquilizers/ downers

Front 61

Sedatives

Back 61

Downers

Front 62

cocaine

Back 62

upper

Front 63

MDMA

Back 63

upper

Front 64

caffeine

Back 64

upper

Front 65

Alcohol

Back 65

downer

Front 66

Hallucinogens:

Back 66

Marijuana, LSD, PCP

Front 67

Occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli and/or behaviors

Back 67

associative learning

Front 68

Refers to understanding, knowing, anticipatin, or otherwise making use of information-rich higher mental processes

Back 68

cognitive learning

Front 69

Events that precede a behavior are?

Back 69

antecedents

Front 70

Effects that follow a behavior are?

Back 70

consequences

Front 71

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

(involuntary learning)

Back 71

Classical conditioning

Front 72

Learning based on the consequences of responding

(voluntary learning)

Back 72

Operant conditioning

Front 73

_________ _________ is based on what happens before we respond

Back 73

Classical conditioning

Front 74

A horn is associated with a puff of air to the eye is an example of?

Back 74

classical conditioning

Front 75

If you wear a particular hat and get lots of compliments (reward or reinforcement) you are likely to wear it more often. If people make fun (punishment) you will probably wear it less is an

example of?

Back 75

Operant conditioning

Front 76

unlearned, untrained, natural =

Back 76

unconditional

Front 77

anything that causes a response =

Back 77

a stimulus

Front 78

after training or learning =

Back 78

conditioned

Front 79

a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response:

and Pavlov experiment example:

Back 79

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

meat powder

Front 80

A reflex is innate or "built in" and elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

and Pavlov experiment example:

Back 80

unconditioned response (UR)

salivation

Front 81

A stimulus that does not invoke a response

and Pavlov experiment example:

Back 81

Neutral stimulus (NS)

bell

Front 82

A stimulus, that because of learning, will elicit a response

and Pavlov experiment example:

Back 82

conditioned stimulus (CS)

bell

Front 83

A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

and Pavlov experiment example:

Back 83

Conditioned response (CR)

salivating to the bell

Front 84

Many phobias begin as a _____ ____ ____, or a learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus

Back 84

conditioned emotional response (CER)

Front 85

People who have ______ can often trace their fears back to a time when they were frightened, injured, or upset by a particular stimulus, especially in childhood

Back 85

phobias

Front 86

Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

Back 86

systematic desensitization

Front 87

Acts that are followed by a positive consequence tend to be repeated

Back 87

law of effect

Front 88

any event that follows a response and increases its probability of occurring again

Back 88

operant reinforcer

Front 89

Operant reinforcement works best when it is _______ ______, meaning it must be given only after a desired response has occurred.

ex. reinforcer tells a person or animal that a

response was right and worth repeating

Back 89

Response contingent

Front 90

Operant reinforcement is most effective when it rapidly follows a _______ ________

Back 90

correct response

Front 91

linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement

Back 91

response chain

Front 92

increased desirable behavior

like want

Back 92

reinforcement

Front 93

decreased that undesirable behavior

don't like don't want

Back 93

punishment

Front 94

adding (+)

Back 94

positive

Front 95

takeaway (-)

Back 95

negative

Front 96

Give the child cookie for sitting quietly in the chair

Back 96

positive reinforcement

Front 97

Shutting off TV so child will do their homework

Back 97

negative reinforcement

Front 98

Negative reinforcement also increases responding, however it does so by ____________ discomfort

Back 98

ending (negating, taking away)

ex. you have a headache and take aspirin, your aspirin taking will be negatively reinforced if the headache stops

Front 99

Child was acting out, so I gave him timeout

Back 99

positive punishment

Front 100

positive punishment_______ the likelihood that the response will occur again, it does so by initiating (adding) discomfort

Back 100

decreases

Front 101

Child was throwing ball in store, so I took the ball away

Back 101

negative punishment

Front 102

Non learned reinforcers, produce comfort, end discomfort, fill an immediate physical need

ex. food, water, sex

Back 102

Primary reinforcer

Front 103

Associated with primary reinforcement

ex. praise, attention, approval, success, affection, grades

Back 103

Secondary reinforcers

Front 104

Tangible secondary reinforcer

ex. gold stars, poker chips

Back 104

token reinforcers

Front 105

Gambling is an example of a ______ reinforcer

Back 105

gambling

Front 106

learned desires for attention ad approval

Back 106

social reinforcers

Front 107

learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition, memorization, and learning the rules

Back 107

rote learning

Front 108

learning based on insight and understanding

Back 108

discovery learning

Front 109

learning that occurs without obvious

reinforcement and remains hidden until

reinforcement is provided

Back 109

latent learning

Front 110

learning achieved by watching and imitating others

Back 110

observational learning

Front 111

The scientific study of overt behavior and mental processes

Back 111

Psychology

Front 112

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Back 112

central nervous system (CNS)

Front 113

All parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

Back 113

Peripheral nervous system

Front 114

carries messages to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles

Back 114

somatic nervous system

Front 115

serves the internal organs and glands

Back 115

autonomic nervous system

(autonomic=self governing)

Front 116

Autonomic nervous system has two branches:

Back 116

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Front 117

branch of the ANS that arouses the body

Back 117

sympathetic branch

Front 118

branch of the ANS that quiets the body

Back 118

parasympathetic branch

Front 119

anything capable of disturbing normal development in the womb

Back 119

teratogens

Front 120

Examples of teratogens

Back 120

radiation, pesticides, lead

Front 121

press an object in a neonates palm and they will grasp

Back 121

grasping reflex

Front 122

reflexive head turning and nursing

Back 122

rooting reflex

Front 123

nipple touches infants mouth

Back 123

sucking reflex

Front 124

startled by loud noise infant will make hugging motion

Back 124

moro reflex

Front 125

Newborn reflexes are:

Back 125

adaptive

Front 126

Theory of color vision based on three coding systems (red or green, yellow or blue, black or white)

Back 126

opponent process theory

Front 127

Phantom limb

During sleep, sensory inputs from the area of the missing limb are ________. When amputees are awake, _________ inputs from the area of the missing limb conflict with the neuoromatrix, which interprets the conflict as a phantom limb. Sometimes the brain gradually reorganizes to adjust for the sensory loss. After many years the phantom may shrink, until only a hand is felt at the shoulder

*Remember homunculus

Back 127

suppressed

sensory

Front 128

Axon function path:

Back 128

Dendrites to the soma to the axon, which is

covered in a myelin sheath to the axon terminal

Front 129

Neuron fibers that receive messages from other neurons

Back 129

Dendrites

Front 130

Cell body that sends and receives messages

Back 130

soma

Front 131

allows information to be passed from neuron to neuron (bulb shaped)

Back 131

axon terminal

Front 132

fatty sheath covering axon

Back 132

myelin