Psych 8: Memory

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Memory

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the retention of information over time through the process of encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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Encoding

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the process by which information gets into memory storage.

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levels of processing

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the idea that encoding occurs on a continuum from shallow to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.

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elaboration

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extensivness of producing at any given level of memory.

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storage

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retention of information over time and the representation of information in memory.

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atkinson-shiffrin theory

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the view that memory storage involves three seperate systems; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long term memory.

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sensory memory

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information from the world that is held in its original form only for an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

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short-term memory

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a limited capacity memory system in which information is retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

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working memory

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a three-part system that temporarily holds information as people perform cognitive tasks. This is a kind of mental "work bench" on which information is manipulated and assembled to help individuals perform other cognitive tasks.

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long-term memory

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a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.

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explicit memory (declarative memory)

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the concious recollection of informtion, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information can be verbally communicated.

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episodic memory

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the retention of information about the where, when and what of life's happenings.

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semantic memory

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a person's knowledge about the world.

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implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)

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memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected

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procedural memory

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memory for skills

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priming

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a type of implicit memory process involving the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

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schema

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a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.

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script

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a schema for an event

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connectionism (parallel distributed processing)

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the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

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retrieval

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the memory process of taking information out of storage

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serial position effect

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the tendency for items at the beginning and at the end of a list to be recalled more readily than those in the middle.

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autobiographical memory

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a special form of episodic memory consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

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flashbulb memory

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the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall more accurately and vividly than everyday events.

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motivated forgetting

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an act of forgetting something because it is so painful and

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interference theory

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theory stating that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

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proactive interference

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situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

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retroactive interference

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situation in which material learned later disrupts the retrieval of information learned earlier

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decay theory

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theory stating that when something new is learned, a neurochemical "memory trace" is formed, but over time this trace tends to disintegrate

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tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon

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the "effortful retrieval" that occurs when people are confident that they know something but cannot pull it out of memory.

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retrospective memory

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remembering the past.

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prospective memory

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remembering information about doing something in the future, including memory for intentions.

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amnesia

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the loss of memory

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anterograde amnesia

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a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events.

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retrograde amnesia

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a memory disorder that involves memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events

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mnemonics

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specific visual and or verbal memory aids.