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190 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Was the founder of psychology and argued that it should be the scientific study of consciousness

Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt

Was the founder of psychology and argued that it should be the scientific study of consciousness

Structuralism

Psychology should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements

Psychology should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements

Structuralism

Functionalism

Psychology should investigate the purposes of consciousness

Psychology should investigate the purposes of consciousness

Functionalism

Evolutionary Psychology

Patterns seen in the behavior of species are a product of evolution, Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance an organism's ability to reproduce

Patterns seen in the behavior of species are a product of evolution, Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance an organism's ability to reproduce

Evolutionary Psychology

Positive Psychology

Emphasizes positive emotions, personal strength and happiness

Emphasizes positive emotions, personal strength and happiness

Positive psychology

Theory that emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior and the importance of sexuality

Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud)

Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)

Theory that emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior and the importance of sexuality

The unconscious consists of thoughts that one is unaware of but still influence one's behavior. Who advocates this?

Freud

Freud advocated what about the unconscious' influence on one's behavior?

It has a major influence

Behaviorism

John B Watson.




Psychology should study only observable behavior // stressed the importance of environment over heredity and pioneered animal research

John B Watson.




Psychology should study only observable behavior // stressed the importance of environment over heredity and pioneered animal research

Behaviorism

Stimulus =

Any detectable input from the environment

Any detectable input from the environment =

Stimulus

Overt or observable responses to stimulus =

Behavior

Behavior =

Overt or observable responses to stimulus

B. F. Skinner

Environmental factors influence behavior




Outcomes with positive outcomes are repeated and negatives are not




Created debates in free will and Nature vs. Nurture

Environmental factors influence behavior




Outcomes with positive outcomes are repeated and negatives are not




Created debates in free will and Nature vs. Nurture

B. F. Skinner

Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans : freedom and personal growth

Humanism

Humanism

Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans : freedom and personal growth

Cognition =

Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge =

Cognition

Research areas of psychology =

Developmental


Social


Experimental


Cognitive


Personality


Educational

Psychology is based on objective research therefore it is

Empirical

Psychology is Empirical because

is based on objective research

Complex Causation Rule

Behavior is determined by multiple causes, a single explanation is usually incomplete

Behavior is determined by multiple causes, a single explanation is usually incomplete. What rule is this?

Complex Causation Rule

Is behavior Shaped by cultural heritage?




Do heredity and environment jointly influence behavior?




Are people's experience of the world highly subjective?

Yes




Yes




Yes



What are the 4 Goals in research psychology?

Describe




Explain




Predict




Control/Influence

Explanation =

Try to understand the causes of behavior




Answers "Why"

Predict =

specify conditions which will likelycause the behaviour orcognitive process to occur




Cause/Effect




Answers "When"

Description =

first step in understanding behaviour ormental processes




Answers“what”

Control/ Influence =

changea condition or manipulate something to bring about desired outcomes




Preventsome behaviours ;increase others

5 Steps in a psychological investigation

1. Formulate a testable hypothesis


2. design the study


3. Collect the data


4. Analyze the Data


5. Report the findings

Methods of Psychological Investigation

•Naturalistic and laboratory observations




•Casestudies




•Surveys




•Experiments

Independent Variable =

Manipulated by the Experimenter

Dependent Variable =

Affected by the independent Variable

Control group =

Subjects that do not receive the same treatment given to the experimental group

Extraneous Variables =

External factors that may influence that dependent variable, they need to be controlled

Naturalistic Observation =

No intervention at all with the subjects

Case Study =

In depth investigation of a singe participant

Survey =

Questionnaire - prone to bias

3 indices of central tendency

Mean




Median




Mode

Inferential Statistics

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions

Correlation Coefficient

The closer to -1.00 or +1.00 the stronger the relationship

Correlation / Causation

Correlation Exists when two variables are related to each other



Correlation is not equivalent to causation


Sampling Bias =

When a sample is not representative of the population

Placebo effects =

participants expectations lead them to to experience some change even though they have received false treatment

Distortions in Self Reported data =

Participants responses influenced by social desirability bias

Experimenter Bias

Researcher's expectations influence the outcome of a study

Ethical Guidelines to research psychology in Canada =

Respect for dignity of persons




Responsible caring




Integrity in relationships




Responsibility to society

Ethical issues =

Deception: is it right to mislead participants?




Animal Research: Is it okay for researchers to subject animals to painful procedures?

Afferent Neurons =

sensory — relay information from thesenses to the brain and spinal cord.

Efferent Neurons =

motor — sendinformation from the central nervous system to the glands and muscles, enablingthe body to move.

Interneurons =

Interneurons — carryinformation between neurons in the Central Nervous System.

Soma =

Cell Body

Dendrites =

Branching structure that receives signals from other cells


Axon =

Fibre that carries signals away from the soma to other cells

Myelin Shealth =

Insulating material that encases axons


Terminal Buttons =

Small knobs at the ends of axons that release neurotransmitters at synapses

Resting Potential =

Neuron's stable, negative charge when inactive

Action Potential =

Voltage spike that travels along the axon

Absolute Refractory period =

Brief time after action potential before another action potential can happen

All or none law =

A neuron either fires or it doesn't

Somatic nervous system =

Nerves to voluntary muscles, sensory receptors

Autonomic nervous system =

Nerves to heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system =

Mobilizes bodily resources

Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system =

Conserves bodily resources

Cerebellum =

Coordinates fine muscle movement

Medulla =

Regulates unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation

Pons =

Involved in sleep and arousal

Prefrontal cortex =

Involved in relational reasoning; working memory

Frontal lobes =

Primary motor cortex

Thalamus =

Relay centre for cortex; distributes incoming sensory signals

Cerebrum =

Handles complex mental activities such as sensing learning, thinking and planning

Limbic system =

Loosely connected network that contributes to emotion memory and motivation

Hypothalmus =

Regulates basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, sex

Hippocampus =

Contributes to memory

Amygdala =

Involved in learning or fear responses

Parietal lobes =

Primary somato-sensory cortex

Temporal lobes =

Primary auditory cortex

Occipital lobes =

Primary visual cortex

CT scans and MRI scans =

Can provide precise images of the brain stucture

PET and fMRI scans =

Can map actual activity of the brain over time

Acetylcholine =

between motor neurons and voluntarymuscles Throughout nervous system




Agonists excite – increase likelihood offiring




Antagonists opposes –decreases likelihoodof firing

Dopamine =

excites and inhibits learning, attention,movement, and reinforcement.

Norepinephrine =

affects eating habits, alertness, andwakefulness. Predominant in fear.

Serotonin =

playsrole in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression and appetite

Epinephrine =

causessurges of energy. Predominant in anger

GABA =

learning, thought, and emotions; controls anxiety

Endorphins =

relievepain and produce feelings of pleasure and well-being; runner’s high

Corpus Collosum =

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain

Left Brain =

language,mathematics, analytical, sequential

Right Brain =

visual, spatial, holistic, “hear”language, creativity, intuition

Broca's Area =

Speech production

Wernicke's area =

Speech Comprehension

Pituitary gland =

major gland, impacts other glands,signals other glands to action (works with the hypothalmus (4 F’s fight, flight, feed & mate)

Thyroid Gland =

regulates metabolism; the rate food istransformed into energy

Pancreas =

regulates blood-sugar levels



Releases hormones --insulin &glucagon




Too little insulin—diabetes (can’t breakdown sugars)


Too much insulin-hypoglycemia—low bloodsugar9H

Adrenal glands =

hormones activate the sympathetic nervoussystem




Epinephrine and norepinephrine




Also control salt balance

Plasticity of the Brain =

theability of the brain to reorganize and compensate for brain damage, a change infunction and structure

Brain scanning technique - "EEG" =



Monitor the electrical activity of the brain over time, yielding line tracings called brain waves

Endocrine System =

Glands that secrete hormones into thebloodstream

Is consciousness Subjective & private?




Is consciousness dynamic and Ever-changing?




Is consciousness Self-reflective?

Yes




Yes




Yes



Circadian rhythms =

regulated bysuprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)




SCN neurons link to pineal gland, whichsecretes melatonin

Non-REM sleep =

Consists of stages 1-4 which are marked by the absence of rapid eye movements and relatively little dreaming

REM sleep =

Deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves and dreaming

Sleep deprivation =

Negativeimpact on functioning of Nearlyall cognitive domains




You donotmake up all sleep time lost




REMrebound (more dreaming)

Dreams: purpose/ functions =

Wishfulfillment




Gratificationof unconscious desires / needs (sexual & aggressive urges) Conflictresolution




“Surface”story of dream & Disguisedpsychological “purpose” of dream

Sensation =

the process through which the sensesdetect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to thebrain.

Perception =

the process by which sensory informationis actively organized and interpreted by the brain.

Absolute threshold =

The difference between not being able toperceive a stimulus and being able to just barely perceive it.

Difference threshold =

The smallest increaseor decrease ina physical stimulus that is required to produce the justnoticeable difference (JND)in sensation that is detectable 50% of the time.

Sensory Adaptation =

The process of becoming less sensitive to stimulus over time

Lens =

Focuses light rays falling on the retina

Pupil =

Regulates the amount of light that passes through to the retina

Retina =

Neural tissue lining the back surface of the eye

Rods =

White black and grey / dim light

Cones =

Perceive colour

Fovea =

Where visual acuity is greatest, fine detail

Optic disk =

The hole in the retina that corresponds to the blind spot

Wavelength of light =

The specific colour perceived

Amplitude of light =

Intensity of the light energy

Saturation of light =

Refers to the purity of the colour

Trichromatic theory =

Eye is most sensitive to red, green and blue wavelengths

Opponent process theory =

Three cone types




Each responds to two differentwavelengths




•Red or green•Blue or yellow•Black or white

Dual process theory =

3 types of cones sensitive to short(blue) medium (green) and long (red) wavelengths

Frequency of sound wave =

Determines pitch (high or low)

Amplitude of sound wave =

Determines loudness of sound

Pinna =

External sound collecting cone

Eardrum =

End of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to sound waves

Ossicles =

Three tiny bones that converts eardum's vibrations into smaller motions

Cochlea =

Fluid filled coiled tunnel

Basilar membrane =

Holds the hair cells that serve as auditory receptors

Place theory =

perception of pitch depends on the portion of the basilar membrane that is vibrated

Frequency theory =

perception of pitch depends on the basilar membrane's rate of vibration

5 taste sensations =

Sweet sour salty bitter unami (MSG)



4 Tactile sensations =

Pressure, pain, warmth, coldness

Kinesthetic system =

Monitor the positions of various parts of the body

Vestibular system =

Provide information about the body's position in space

Bottom up processing =

Small parts to whole




Detect sensory info, pieces of info sentto brain, combined and assembled, unified whole

Top down processing =

past experience and knowledge influenceperceptions




able to find meaningful links between theindividual elements taken in by our sensory receptors.

Binocular cues =

Clues about distance based on the differing views of both eyes

Retinal disparity =

Refers to the fact that the left and right eye see slightly different images

Monocular cues =

Clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone

Pictorial Cues =

Monocular cues that can be given in a 2 dimensional image such as liner perspectives, texture gradients, relative size, height in a plane , light and shadow

Illusions =

Incorrect perceptions

Personality =

Distinctiveand relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterizea person’s response to situations

Personality Assessment =

Behavioral observation, structured interview, self report inventory

State =

exogenous / fluid

Trait =

Endogenous / enduring

Modern personality tests "OCEAN" =

Openness , Conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness , neuroticism

Behavioral - Cognitive Approach to personality =

Personal factors (beliefs andexpediencies) determine and are determined by both the environment andbehavior




Mostly state

Psychodynamic approach =

what people do and say are the tip of theiceberg




motives and desires that lie buriedbeneath the surface, Strive for gratification




Freud

Conscious =

Whatever you are aware of at a given moment

Pre-conscious =

Evens out of awareness that can be recalled, long term memory

Un-conscious

Containsrepressed memories, instincts and wishes that have never been allowed intoconsciousness

Three components of personality =

Id, Ego, Superego

Id =

Primitive, inaccessible, and completely unconscious.




All basic urges




Operates on the pleasureprinciple (seekspleasure, avoids pain, wants immediate gratification)

Ego =

The logical, rational, realistic part ofthe personality.


Function- satisfy id’s urges.


Delays gratification, Imparts self-control




acts according to the realityprinciple; consider constraints of the real world togratify the id’s wishes.

Superego =

Morality aspect of personality, Initially reflects parents’ expectations, expands over time to incorporate social norms

Maslow's self actualization theory =

Sees other theorists as deficit basedmodels




Proposed a Hierarchy of needs leading to Self-actualization

Roger's view of personality =

Congruence -Self concept meshes well with actual experiences




Incongruence -Self concept does not mesh will with actual experience

Eysenck's biological perspective =

Personality is the result of genetic inheritance

Anxiety disorders =

1)Generalized Anxiety Disorder


2) Panic disorder


3) Phobias


4) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Panic Disorders =

Recurrent, unpredictable panic attacksthat cause apprehension about the occurrence and consequences of furtherattacks. Symptoms:a pounding heart, uncontrollable trembling or shaking, and a feeling of beingchoked or smothered.

Phobias =

Persistent, irrational fear of somespecific object, situation, or activity that poses no real danger.

Obsessive Compulsive disorder =

Obsessions: Persistent,recurring, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousnessand cause great distress.




Compulsion: Apersistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly.

Depression =

Clinical depression occurs when the frequency, intensity,duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation

Major depressive disorder =

Overwhelming sadness, despair andhopelessness, along with losing the ability to experience pleasure.

Causes of depression =

Genetic Factors 67% concordance rate for identical twins(depression) Genetic predisposition to mood disorder




Neurotransmitters “Imbalance” Norepinephrine& serotonin in depression




Personality-basedvulnerability

Bipolar disorder =

extreme highs (“manic episodes,” or“mania”) - temporarily lose touch with reality; optimism is not justirrational, it is delusional. •extreme lows (major depression), usuallywith relatively normal periods in between.

Schizophrenia =

Disorders in thinking, speech disturbances, Disorderly thought, hallucinations, reduced emotional responses,

Personality disorders =

A long-standing, inflexible, maladaptivepattern of behaving and relating to others.


Usually begins in childhood oradolescence.Tendto have problems in their relationships and at work

3 types of personality disorders =

Odd behavior, erratic/ dramatic, anxious/ fearful

Therapy through Freud's psychoanalysis =

Goal: Help patients achieve insight, Release you from your repression




Insight =conscious awareness of psychodynamicsunderlying problemssive Disorder

Psychoanalysis Technique 1. Free association =

Uncensored, Verbal stream of thoughts, feelings, orimages




assumed free associations arepredetermined not random




Analyst tracks associations and Identifies underlying source

Psychoanalysis Technique 2. Resistance

Unwillingness or inability to discusscertain topics


Sign that anxiety-arousing material isbeing approached


Analyst tries to break down resistance,




Enables patient to face painful ideasdesires and experiences

Psychoanalysis Technique 3. Dream interpretation =

Dreams are meaningful




Manifest-visible, remembered


Latent- hidden , actual motives-disguised




Therapist helps client understand thesymbolic meaning of their dreams

Psychoanalysis Technique4: Transference and Countertransference

Transference - Clientresponds irrationally to therapist like he/she was important figure fromclient’s past




Countertransference - About the Analyst Over time has feelings (good and/or bad)toward client, Have to treat themselves

Gestalt Therapy =

Goal: Bring feelings, wishes, and thoughts into immediate awareness Often carried out in groups-active and dramatic approaches




'An Intervention'




promote healthy psychological growth inthe individual

Cognitive therapy =

-people hold beliefs that cause problemsto be seen or interpreted in the world -clients need to be shown the shoulds, oughts and musts that control theiractions-have to break through the persons closemindedness; replace with rational thoughts-confrontational




Change the way the patient thinks

Behavioral therapy =





Unlearning negative behavioral responses and learning more rational positive responses





Drug therapy =

Basically most drugs targetneurotransmitters They affect whether neurotransmitterswill be available, whether available neurotransmitters will cross the synapticcleft, whether reuptake can occur




Drugs do not solve the problem although they do alleviate symptoms

Electroconvulsive therapy =

Patient given sedative and musclerelaxant -Placed on well-padded mattress - Shock less than 1 second, causing seizureof CNS




Possibility of memory loss and permanent brain damage

Psycho-surgery =

Procedures that remove or destroy partsof brain




Least used of biomedical procedures