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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Was the founder of psychology and argued that it should be the scientific study of consciousness |
Wilhelm Wundt |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Was the founder of psychology and argued that it should be the scientific study of consciousness |
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Structuralism |
Psychology should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements |
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Psychology should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements |
Structuralism |
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Functionalism |
Psychology should investigate the purposes of consciousness |
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Psychology should investigate the purposes of consciousness |
Functionalism |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
Patterns seen in the behavior of species are a product of evolution, Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance an organism's ability to reproduce |
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Patterns seen in the behavior of species are a product of evolution, Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance an organism's ability to reproduce |
Evolutionary Psychology |
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Positive Psychology |
Emphasizes positive emotions, personal strength and happiness |
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Emphasizes positive emotions, personal strength and happiness |
Positive psychology |
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Theory that emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior and the importance of sexuality |
Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud) |
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Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud) |
Theory that emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior and the importance of sexuality |
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The unconscious consists of thoughts that one is unaware of but still influence one's behavior. Who advocates this? |
Freud |
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Freud advocated what about the unconscious' influence on one's behavior? |
It has a major influence |
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Behaviorism |
John B Watson. Psychology should study only observable behavior // stressed the importance of environment over heredity and pioneered animal research |
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John B Watson. Psychology should study only observable behavior // stressed the importance of environment over heredity and pioneered animal research |
Behaviorism |
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Stimulus = |
Any detectable input from the environment |
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Any detectable input from the environment = |
Stimulus |
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Overt or observable responses to stimulus = |
Behavior |
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Behavior = |
Overt or observable responses to stimulus |
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B. F. Skinner |
Environmental factors influence behavior Outcomes with positive outcomes are repeated and negatives are not Created debates in free will and Nature vs. Nurture |
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Environmental factors influence behavior Outcomes with positive outcomes are repeated and negatives are not Created debates in free will and Nature vs. Nurture |
B. F. Skinner |
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Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans : freedom and personal growth |
Humanism |
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Humanism |
Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans : freedom and personal growth |
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Cognition = |
Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge |
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Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge = |
Cognition |
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Research areas of psychology = |
Developmental Social Experimental Cognitive Personality Educational |
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Psychology is based on objective research therefore it is |
Empirical |
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Psychology is Empirical because |
is based on objective research |
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Complex Causation Rule |
Behavior is determined by multiple causes, a single explanation is usually incomplete |
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Behavior is determined by multiple causes, a single explanation is usually incomplete. What rule is this? |
Complex Causation Rule |
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Is behavior Shaped by cultural heritage? Do heredity and environment jointly influence behavior? Are people's experience of the world highly subjective? |
Yes Yes Yes |
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What are the 4 Goals in research psychology? |
Describe Explain Predict Control/Influence |
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Explanation = |
Try to understand the causes of behavior Answers "Why" |
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Predict = |
specify conditions which will likelycause the behaviour orcognitive process to occur Cause/Effect Answers "When" |
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Description = |
first step in understanding behaviour ormental processes Answers“what” |
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Control/ Influence = |
changea condition or manipulate something to bring about desired outcomes Preventsome behaviours ;increase others |
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5 Steps in a psychological investigation |
1. Formulate a testable hypothesis 2. design the study 3. Collect the data 4. Analyze the Data 5. Report the findings |
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Methods of Psychological Investigation |
•Naturalistic and laboratory observations •Casestudies •Surveys •Experiments |
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Independent Variable = |
Manipulated by the Experimenter |
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Dependent Variable = |
Affected by the independent Variable |
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Control group = |
Subjects that do not receive the same treatment given to the experimental group |
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Extraneous Variables = |
External factors that may influence that dependent variable, they need to be controlled |
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Naturalistic Observation = |
No intervention at all with the subjects |
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Case Study = |
In depth investigation of a singe participant |
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Survey = |
Questionnaire - prone to bias |
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3 indices of central tendency |
Mean Median Mode |
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Inferential Statistics |
Used to interpret data and draw conclusions |
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Correlation Coefficient |
The closer to -1.00 or +1.00 the stronger the relationship |
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Correlation / Causation |
Correlation Exists when two variables are related to each other
Correlation is not equivalent to causation |
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Sampling Bias = |
When a sample is not representative of the population |
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Placebo effects = |
participants expectations lead them to to experience some change even though they have received false treatment |
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Distortions in Self Reported data = |
Participants responses influenced by social desirability bias |
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Experimenter Bias |
Researcher's expectations influence the outcome of a study |
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Ethical Guidelines to research psychology in Canada = |
Respect for dignity of persons Responsible caring Integrity in relationships Responsibility to society |
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Ethical issues = |
Deception: is it right to mislead participants? Animal Research: Is it okay for researchers to subject animals to painful procedures? |
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Afferent Neurons = |
sensory — relay information from thesenses to the brain and spinal cord. |
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Efferent Neurons = |
motor — sendinformation from the central nervous system to the glands and muscles, enablingthe body to move. |
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Interneurons = |
Interneurons — carryinformation between neurons in the Central Nervous System. |
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Soma = |
Cell Body |
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Dendrites = |
Branching structure that receives signals from other cells
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Axon = |
Fibre that carries signals away from the soma to other cells |
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Myelin Shealth = |
Insulating material that encases axons
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Terminal Buttons = |
Small knobs at the ends of axons that release neurotransmitters at synapses |
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Resting Potential = |
Neuron's stable, negative charge when inactive |
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Action Potential = |
Voltage spike that travels along the axon |
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Absolute Refractory period = |
Brief time after action potential before another action potential can happen |
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All or none law = |
A neuron either fires or it doesn't |
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Somatic nervous system = |
Nerves to voluntary muscles, sensory receptors |
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Autonomic nervous system = |
Nerves to heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands |
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Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system = |
Mobilizes bodily resources |
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Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system = |
Conserves bodily resources |
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Cerebellum = |
Coordinates fine muscle movement |
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Medulla = |
Regulates unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation |
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Pons = |
Involved in sleep and arousal |
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Prefrontal cortex = |
Involved in relational reasoning; working memory |
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Frontal lobes = |
Primary motor cortex |
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Thalamus = |
Relay centre for cortex; distributes incoming sensory signals |
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Cerebrum = |
Handles complex mental activities such as sensing learning, thinking and planning |
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Limbic system = |
Loosely connected network that contributes to emotion memory and motivation |
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Hypothalmus = |
Regulates basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, sex |
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Hippocampus = |
Contributes to memory |
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Amygdala = |
Involved in learning or fear responses |
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Parietal lobes = |
Primary somato-sensory cortex |
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Temporal lobes = |
Primary auditory cortex |
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Occipital lobes = |
Primary visual cortex |
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CT scans and MRI scans = |
Can provide precise images of the brain stucture |
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PET and fMRI scans = |
Can map actual activity of the brain over time |
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Acetylcholine = |
between motor neurons and voluntarymuscles Throughout nervous system Agonists excite – increase likelihood offiring Antagonists opposes –decreases likelihoodof firing |
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Dopamine = |
excites and inhibits learning, attention,movement, and reinforcement. |
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Norepinephrine = |
affects eating habits, alertness, andwakefulness. Predominant in fear. |
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Serotonin = |
playsrole in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression and appetite |
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Epinephrine = |
causessurges of energy. Predominant in anger |
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GABA = |
learning, thought, and emotions; controls anxiety |
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Endorphins = |
relievepain and produce feelings of pleasure and well-being; runner’s high |
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Corpus Collosum = |
Connects the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Left Brain = |
language,mathematics, analytical, sequential |
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Right Brain = |
visual, spatial, holistic, “hear”language, creativity, intuition |
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Broca's Area = |
Speech production |
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Wernicke's area = |
Speech Comprehension |
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Pituitary gland = |
major gland, impacts other glands,signals other glands to action (works with the hypothalmus (4 F’s fight, flight, feed & mate) |
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Thyroid Gland = |
regulates metabolism; the rate food istransformed into energy |
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Pancreas = |
regulates blood-sugar levels
Releases hormones --insulin &glucagon Too little insulin—diabetes (can’t breakdown sugars) Too much insulin-hypoglycemia—low bloodsugar9H |
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Adrenal glands = |
hormones activate the sympathetic nervoussystem Epinephrine and norepinephrine Also control salt balance |
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Plasticity of the Brain = |
theability of the brain to reorganize and compensate for brain damage, a change infunction and structure |
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Brain scanning technique - "EEG" = |
Monitor the electrical activity of the brain over time, yielding line tracings called brain waves |
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Endocrine System = |
Glands that secrete hormones into thebloodstream |
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Is consciousness Subjective & private? Is consciousness dynamic and Ever-changing? Is consciousness Self-reflective? |
Yes Yes Yes |
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Circadian rhythms = |
regulated bysuprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) SCN neurons link to pineal gland, whichsecretes melatonin |
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Non-REM sleep = |
Consists of stages 1-4 which are marked by the absence of rapid eye movements and relatively little dreaming |
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REM sleep = |
Deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves and dreaming |
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Sleep deprivation = |
Negativeimpact on functioning of Nearlyall cognitive domains You donotmake up all sleep time lost REMrebound (more dreaming) |
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Dreams: purpose/ functions = |
Wishfulfillment Gratificationof unconscious desires / needs (sexual & aggressive urges) Conflictresolution “Surface”story of dream & Disguisedpsychological “purpose” of dream |
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Sensation = |
the process through which the sensesdetect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to thebrain. |
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Perception = |
the process by which sensory informationis actively organized and interpreted by the brain. |
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Absolute threshold = |
The difference between not being able toperceive a stimulus and being able to just barely perceive it. |
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Difference threshold = |
The smallest increaseor decrease ina physical stimulus that is required to produce the justnoticeable difference (JND)in sensation that is detectable 50% of the time. |
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Sensory Adaptation = |
The process of becoming less sensitive to stimulus over time |
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Lens = |
Focuses light rays falling on the retina |
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Pupil = |
Regulates the amount of light that passes through to the retina |
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Retina = |
Neural tissue lining the back surface of the eye
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Rods = |
White black and grey / dim light |
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Cones = |
Perceive colour |
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Fovea = |
Where visual acuity is greatest, fine detail |
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Optic disk = |
The hole in the retina that corresponds to the blind spot |
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Wavelength of light = |
The specific colour perceived |
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Amplitude of light = |
Intensity of the light energy |
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Saturation of light = |
Refers to the purity of the colour |
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Trichromatic theory = |
Eye is most sensitive to red, green and blue wavelengths |
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Opponent process theory = |
Three cone types Each responds to two differentwavelengths •Red or green•Blue or yellow•Black or white |
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Dual process theory = |
3 types of cones sensitive to short(blue) medium (green) and long (red) wavelengths |
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Frequency of sound wave = |
Determines pitch (high or low) |
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Amplitude of sound wave = |
Determines loudness of sound |
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Pinna = |
External sound collecting cone |
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Eardrum = |
End of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to sound waves
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Ossicles = |
Three tiny bones that converts eardum's vibrations into smaller motions |
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Cochlea = |
Fluid filled coiled tunnel |
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Basilar membrane = |
Holds the hair cells that serve as auditory receptors |
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Place theory = |
perception of pitch depends on the portion of the basilar membrane that is vibrated |
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Frequency theory = |
perception of pitch depends on the basilar membrane's rate of vibration |
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5 taste sensations = |
Sweet sour salty bitter unami (MSG) |
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4 Tactile sensations = |
Pressure, pain, warmth, coldness |
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Kinesthetic system = |
Monitor the positions of various parts of the body |
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Vestibular system = |
Provide information about the body's position in space |
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Bottom up processing = |
Small parts to whole Detect sensory info, pieces of info sentto brain, combined and assembled, unified whole |
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Top down processing = |
past experience and knowledge influenceperceptions able to find meaningful links between theindividual elements taken in by our sensory receptors. |
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Binocular cues = |
Clues about distance based on the differing views of both eyes |
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Retinal disparity = |
Refers to the fact that the left and right eye see slightly different images |
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Monocular cues = |
Clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone |
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Pictorial Cues = |
Monocular cues that can be given in a 2 dimensional image such as liner perspectives, texture gradients, relative size, height in a plane , light and shadow |
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Illusions = |
Incorrect perceptions |
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Personality = |
Distinctiveand relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterizea person’s response to situations |
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Personality Assessment = |
Behavioral observation, structured interview, self report inventory |
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State = |
exogenous / fluid |
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Trait = |
Endogenous / enduring |
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Modern personality tests "OCEAN" = |
Openness , Conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness , neuroticism |
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Behavioral - Cognitive Approach to personality = |
Personal factors (beliefs andexpediencies) determine and are determined by both the environment andbehavior Mostly state |
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Psychodynamic approach = |
what people do and say are the tip of theiceberg motives and desires that lie buriedbeneath the surface, Strive for gratification Freud |
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Conscious = |
Whatever you are aware of at a given moment |
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Pre-conscious = |
Evens out of awareness that can be recalled, long term memory |
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Un-conscious |
Containsrepressed memories, instincts and wishes that have never been allowed intoconsciousness |
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Three components of personality = |
Id, Ego, Superego |
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Id = |
Primitive, inaccessible, and completely unconscious. All basic urges Operates on the pleasureprinciple (seekspleasure, avoids pain, wants immediate gratification) |
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Ego = |
The logical, rational, realistic part ofthe personality. Function- satisfy id’s urges. Delays gratification, Imparts self-control acts according to the realityprinciple; consider constraints of the real world togratify the id’s wishes. |
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Superego = |
Morality aspect of personality, Initially reflects parents’ expectations, expands over time to incorporate social norms |
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Maslow's self actualization theory = |
Sees other theorists as deficit basedmodels Proposed a Hierarchy of needs leading to Self-actualization |
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Roger's view of personality = |
Congruence -Self concept meshes well with actual experiences Incongruence -Self concept does not mesh will with actual experience |
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Eysenck's biological perspective = |
Personality is the result of genetic inheritance |
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Anxiety disorders = |
1)Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2) Panic disorder 3) Phobias 4) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Panic Disorders = |
Recurrent, unpredictable panic attacksthat cause apprehension about the occurrence and consequences of furtherattacks. Symptoms:a pounding heart, uncontrollable trembling or shaking, and a feeling of beingchoked or smothered. |
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Phobias = |
Persistent, irrational fear of somespecific object, situation, or activity that poses no real danger. |
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Obsessive Compulsive disorder = |
Obsessions: Persistent,recurring, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousnessand cause great distress. Compulsion: Apersistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly. |
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Depression = |
Clinical depression occurs when the frequency, intensity,duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation |
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Major depressive disorder = |
Overwhelming sadness, despair andhopelessness, along with losing the ability to experience pleasure. |
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Causes of depression = |
Genetic Factors 67% concordance rate for identical twins(depression) Genetic predisposition to mood disorder Neurotransmitters “Imbalance” Norepinephrine& serotonin in depression Personality-basedvulnerability |
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Bipolar disorder = |
extreme highs (“manic episodes,” or“mania”) - temporarily lose touch with reality; optimism is not justirrational, it is delusional. •extreme lows (major depression), usuallywith relatively normal periods in between. |
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Schizophrenia = |
Disorders in thinking, speech disturbances, Disorderly thought, hallucinations, reduced emotional responses, |
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Personality disorders = |
A long-standing, inflexible, maladaptivepattern of behaving and relating to others. Usually begins in childhood oradolescence.Tendto have problems in their relationships and at work |
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3 types of personality disorders = |
Odd behavior, erratic/ dramatic, anxious/ fearful |
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Therapy through Freud's psychoanalysis = |
Goal: Help patients achieve insight, Release you from your repression Insight =conscious awareness of psychodynamicsunderlying problemssive Disorder |
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Psychoanalysis Technique 1. Free association = |
Uncensored, Verbal stream of thoughts, feelings, orimages assumed free associations arepredetermined not random Analyst tracks associations and Identifies underlying source |
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Psychoanalysis Technique 2. Resistance |
Unwillingness or inability to discusscertain topics Sign that anxiety-arousing material isbeing approached Analyst tries to break down resistance, Enables patient to face painful ideasdesires and experiences |
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Psychoanalysis Technique 3. Dream interpretation = |
Dreams are meaningful Manifest-visible, remembered Latent- hidden , actual motives-disguised Therapist helps client understand thesymbolic meaning of their dreams |
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Psychoanalysis Technique4: Transference and Countertransference |
Transference - Clientresponds irrationally to therapist like he/she was important figure fromclient’s past Countertransference - About the Analyst Over time has feelings (good and/or bad)toward client, Have to treat themselves |
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Gestalt Therapy = |
Goal: Bring feelings, wishes, and thoughts into immediate awareness Often carried out in groups-active and dramatic approaches 'An Intervention' promote healthy psychological growth inthe individual |
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Cognitive therapy = |
-people hold beliefs that cause problemsto be seen or interpreted in the world -clients need to be shown the shoulds, oughts and musts that control theiractions-have to break through the persons closemindedness; replace with rational thoughts-confrontational Change the way the patient thinks |
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Behavioral therapy = |
Unlearning negative behavioral responses and learning more rational positive responses |
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Drug therapy = |
Basically most drugs targetneurotransmitters They affect whether neurotransmitterswill be available, whether available neurotransmitters will cross the synapticcleft, whether reuptake can occur Drugs do not solve the problem although they do alleviate symptoms |
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Electroconvulsive therapy = |
Patient given sedative and musclerelaxant -Placed on well-padded mattress - Shock less than 1 second, causing seizureof CNS Possibility of memory loss and permanent brain damage |
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Psycho-surgery = |
Procedures that remove or destroy partsof brain Least used of biomedical procedures |