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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Having more personal control can;
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Reduce Stress
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What are external sources of stress?
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-Environmental, Social, Interpersonal, Organizational
-Life events, daily hassles |
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What are internal sources of stress?
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-Lifestyle choices, negative self-talk
-Thought patterns, stressful personality types |
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What are Stressors?
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-Extreme in the sense that they produce a state of feeling overwhelmed
-Percieved as uncontrollable -Can be acute (short in duration and have a clear endpoint) or chronic (long in duration and no readily apparent time limit) |
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What defines a Type A personality?
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-Achievement motivated
-Competitive -Time urgent -Hostile and Aggressive -Associated with Cardiovascular disease due to anger and hostility |
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What is a Primary Appraisal?
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An initial evaluation of whether an event is;
-relevant to you -relevent but not threatening -stressful |
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What is a Secondary Appraisal?
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If the event is labelled as stressful, you make a secondary appraisal which is an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress
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What is Hardiness?
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-a personality style characterized by a sense of commitment and control, rather than alienation and powerlessness.
-Perceive problems as challenges rather than threats-associated with better health |
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What was found in the study by Holmes and Rabe?
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-people who experience more stress are more likely to have a serious illness
-people under chronic stress deplete bodily resources and become vulnerable to infections |
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True or False; Major life events cause more stress than Daily Hassles
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FALSE; daily hassles build up, causing more stress and illness, whereas major life events are less likely to occur
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When does frustration occur?
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In any situation in which the pursuit of goals is thwarted. Most are brief and insignificant
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When does conflict occur?
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When 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression
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When a choice is between 2 desirable goals, what type of conflict is present?
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Approach-Approach Conflict
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict is when;
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-A choice must be made about whether or not to pursue a single goal
-This goal is desirable but comes with undesirable aspects -Common and quite stressful |
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Choosing between 2 undesirable goals is what type of conflict?
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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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What are the personality factors of stress?
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-Type A, Type B
-Personal Control -Hardiness |
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What are the environmental factors of stress?
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-Major life events
-Daily hassles -Frustration -Conflict -Change -Pressure |
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What are the sociocultural factors of stress?
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-Poverty
-Acculturative stress |
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What is acculturative stress?
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When a person is trying to meet the demands of two different cultures
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How do we respond to stress?
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-Through appraisals
-Emotionally -Physiologically - |
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What are the 3 common emotional reactions to stress?
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1. annoyance, anger and rage
2. apprehension, anxiety and fear 3. dejection, sadness and grief |
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What is the fight or flight response?
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-A physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking (fight) or for fleeing from an enemy (flight)
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What is the General Adaption Syndrome? What happens in the 3 stages?
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A model of the body's stress response
1. Alarm - acute response to stress to mobilize the body's defences for either fight or flight 2. Resistance - if the stressor continues (becomes chronic) then the body adapts and appears normal while maintaining balance until resistance is depleted. Body uses resources at an above average rate 3. Exhaustion - if a stressor is constant, the ability to resist is eventually succeeded, and the person enters the stage of exhaustion, where they become more susceptible to illness |
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Explain the first brain pathway - through the autonomic nervous system - in response to stress?
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-Stress occurs
-Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system -Stimulates the central part of the adrenal glands, the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines into the bloodstream -The hormones radiate through your body and produce the physiological changes in the fight or flight response |
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Explain the second brain pathway - through the pituitary gland - in response to stress
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-Stress occurs
-Hypothalamus sends signals to the "master gland" of the endocrine system - the pituitary gland -Secretes a hormone ACTH that stimulates the outer parts of the adrenal glands- the adrenal cortex -releases another important set of hormones - cortisosteriods -stimulate the release of chemicals that help increase your energy levels and inhibit tissue inflammation in case of injury |
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What are behavioural responses?
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-Coping including;
-giving up -striking out -indulging -defensive coping -constructive coping |
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What is involved in constructive coping?
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-Efforts to deal with stressful events
-Confronting problems directly and taking action |
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What did Shelley Taylor say about the fight or flight response?
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From an evolutionary perspective, women were less likely to "tend and befriend" because it was more evolutionary (reproductively) successful to care for the young ones (tend) and form social alliances (befriend)
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What did Hans Seyle define stress as?
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The non-specific result of any demand upon the body, be the effect mental or physical
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What did Lazarus and Folkman say about stress?
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Stress as a relationship between a person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding of his/her resources and endangering their well-being
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What is "The Stress Response" Model?
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-The "startle effect"
-Fight or flight |
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What are the effects of stress?
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-Impaired task performance
-Burnout -Development of Psychological disorders -PTSD -Positive Effects |
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What did Baumeister find regarding stress and impaired task performance?
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-Pressure to perform makes people self-conscious and thus disrupts their attention to the task at hand
-choking under pressure tends to occur when worries about performance distract attention away from the task and use up our limited working memory |
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What does burnout involve?
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-Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic, work-related stress
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What causes Burnout?
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-Work overload
-Struggling with interpersonal conflicts -Lack of control over work responsibilities -Inadequate recognition for one's work |
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How can stress be positive?
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-Successful adaption
-Promotes personal growth -May lead to improvements in specific coping abilities due to conquering a stressful challenge |
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Coronary Heart disease and stress can be attributed to which type of personality?
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Type A due to anger and hostility
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Early death can be attributed due to what? In support of the Precocity-lonegtivity hypothesis?
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Early peaks in one's career
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What factors can moderate the impacts of stress?
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-Social support
-Optimism & conscientiousness |
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Active coping is;
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taking active steps to try to remove the stressor
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What are some examples of health impairing behaviour?
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-Smoking
-Lack of exercise -Alcohol and drug use -Behaviour and AIDS |
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How do we define abnormal behaviour?
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-Norm violation
-Statistical Rarity (unusualness) -Personal Discomfort -Maladaptive Behaviour -Combining standards |
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What defines a "Sanguine Personality"?
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-Too much blood
-Ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious amounts of blood in the system -cheerful and optimistic -excessive blood into the brain thought to cause insomnia and delirium |
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Too much yellow bile, hot tempered and belligerent, generally mean/cruel in words and actions defines a;
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Choleric Personality
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What defines a Melancholic personality?
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-Too much black bile
-depressive personality caused by black bile flooding the brain |
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Too much phlegm, and apathy and sluggishness, calm under stress, is what sort of personality?
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Phlegmatic Personality
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What is the belief of the medical model?
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That abnormal behaviour is similar to diseases, is biogenic, and turns individuals with abnormal behaviour over to the medical profession
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What are the criteria of abnormal behaviour?
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-Deviance
-Maladaptive Behaviour -Personal Distress |
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True or false; psychological disorders are incurable
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FALSE; most people are successful with treatment, vast majority of people with a mental illness are able to lead a productive life
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What did the study by Rosenhan show?
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That mental ill people and "normal" people are nearly indistinguishable
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What does Axis 1 on the DSM4?
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-Clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
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Delirium, demential, amnesia, substance-related disorders, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual/gender disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders etc. are all part of what axis?
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Axis 1 |
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What are axis 2 disorders?
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Personality disorders and intellectual disability
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What are the 10 personality disorders?
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-Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
-Antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic -Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive |
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Axis 3 of the DSM4 contains;
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General Medical conditions;
-physical disorders relevant to the understanding or management of the patients psychological difficulties |
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What is found on Axis 4?
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Psychosocial and Environmental problems;
-e.g. life events that may affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mental disorders |
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Axis 5; Global Assessment of Functioning is for...
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-Reporting the clinicians judgement of the individuals overall level of functioning
-e.g. behaviour is considerably influenced by delusions or hallucinations or serious impairment in communication and judgement |
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What are the 5 Axises of the DSM4?
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1. Clinical Disorders
2. Personality Disorders 3. General Medical Conditions 4. Psychosocial and Environment Problems 5. Global Assessment of Functioning CPGPG |
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What are the 3 most common psychological disorders in North Americans?
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-Substance-use disorders
-Anxiety disorders -Mood disorders |
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What is a culture-bound syndrome?
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-Psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture
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How does the psychodynamic perspective explain abnormal behaviour?
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-Abnormal behaviour issues from unconscious conflicts originating in childhood
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How does the behavioural perspective explain the causes of abnormal behaviour?
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-Abnormal behaviour is the result of inappropriate learning (being rewarded for bad behaviour)
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How does the Cognitive Perspective explain abnormal behaviour?
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-Abnormal behaviour is the result of maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking about self and environment
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How does the Social-Cognitive perspective explain abnormal behaviour?
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Abnormal behaviour is the result of environmental experiences and cognitive/processing factors
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How does the Interpersonal Perspective define abnormal behaviour?
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Abnormal behavioural is the product of disordered relationships
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How does the Socio-cultural Perspective explain abnormal behaviour?
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Abnormal behaviour is the result of broad social and cultural forces
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How does the Neuroscience Perspective explain the causes of abnormal behaviour?
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-Focuses on biological factors that may underlie abnormal behaviour
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How does the Humanistic approach explain the causes of abnormal behaviour?
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Abnormal behaviour is a reflection of an inability to achieve one's potential, possibly caused by social pressures or values
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How does the Interactionist Approach (biopsychosocial) see the causes of abnormal behaviour?
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Incorporates biological, psychological and sociocultural factors
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What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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-chronic levels of anxiety not tied to any specific threat
-must occur more days than not for at least 6 months |
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What is Phobic Disorder?
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-persistent irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no real threat
- |
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Which component of Type A behaviour has been associated with Cardiovascular Disease?
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Hostility
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Foreign molecules are called _____ and they have distinctive markers that identify them as part of the “non-self” which are called _____.
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Antigens, and epitopes
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You may not enjoy studying for the exams in this course, but you do like the better grades that result from studying. The mixed feelings that you have when you try to get yourself to study are an example of a(n)…
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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The Acculturative theory of stress examines the stress that comes from having conflicting cultural identities. According to this theory, when a person is embedded into their new culture but maintains many aspects of their distinct cultural identity, this is called…
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Integration
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When the biological stress pathway associated with the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is stimulated, it will lead to the release of…
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Corticosteroids
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After being promoted to department head, Alex found the job to be uncomfortable and highly stressful. Ultimately, Alex resigned from the position and returned to his former job, where he reported being much happier. Which method of coping with stress did Alex use?
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Problem-focused coping
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Francis finished writing her Economics final and was convinced that she had failed the exam and would have to repeat the course. She was so stressed out by the thought of taking the course a second time that she drank eight glasses of wine when she got home. Based on this information, it appears that one method that Francis uses to cope with stress is through the use of…
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Self-indulgence
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In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Axis 4 is used to assess…
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Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
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Which of the following is NOT one of the possible symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
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Catatonic Behaviour
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A reduction of the volume of the hippocampus has been associated with…
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Mood Disorders
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A person who is suffering from poor appetite, depressed mood most days for two years, and low energy would most likely be diagnosed with…
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Dysthymic Disorder
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Chris has an excessive need for other people to pay attention to him. At work, he is highly competitive and gets very angry if anyone criticizes him. He constantly manipulates others, especially friends and co-workers. These behaviours are associated with…
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Which statement about the biological causes of antisocial personality disorder is consistent with the research?
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There is some indication of a genetic link in antisocial personality disorder.
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Abnormalities in neural circuits that use __________ have recently been implicated in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
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Serotonin
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Who is most likely to be treated with a Benzodiazepine?
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A person with an anxiety disorder
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The class of drugs know as “neuroleptics” are…
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Antipsychotic drugs that have an antagonist effect by blocking dopamine receptors.
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Helping clients to detect their automatic negative thoughts is the first step in which type of therapy?
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Beck's cognitive therapy
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The theoretical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counselling psychologist is that…
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the clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counselling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems.
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Resistance…
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involves largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy.
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An important goal of client-centered therapy is to…
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help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about approval from others.
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The basic learning principle used in systematic desensitization is…
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Counterconditioning
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Attributions are…
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inferences about why people behave the way they do.
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In the actor/observer relationship, actors tend to attribute their own behaviour to __________ and observers attribute an actor's behaviour to __________
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external causes ; internal causes
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When Alice got a top-notch grade on her sociology exam, she told her mother that she had studied hard for her exam. When her psychology essay mark turned out to be lower than she had hoped, she complained to her classmates that the course professor had marked too hard. Alice's pattern of explanation is best described as a…
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Self-serving bias
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A friend of yours is having difficulty meeting their “life obligations” – they are not able to engage in their family responsibilities and they are not able to meet their work obligations. Based on this, you suggest that your friend seek counselling. Your recommendation is based on which definition of abnormal behaviour?
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Maladaptive Behaviour
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Tami will do anything that she can to promote herself. She takes advantage of others constantly and feels no remorse when she hurts others. She seems to have no conscience. How would a behavioural theorist explain this?
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Rewards and punishments shaped her behaviour
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Which of the following disorders would be classified as an Axis II disorder according to the DSM?
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Personality Disorders
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Panic attacks are NOT characterized by...
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Depressed mood
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Arthur has been troubled by anxiety for quite some time. He went through a difficult time in the Gulf War. Upon returning, he was married and now has two older children, one son and one daughter. He is currently a senior accounts executive for an insurance company. For several months now, he has been waking up most nights feeling very nervous. While he reports not wanting to get out of bed and go outside, he cannot quite pin down the source of his anxiety. He feels that he is usually tired, tense, and irritable. Arthur is most likely suffering from...
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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What is a diagnostic criterion for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
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Anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away
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What is the essential feature of Bipolar I disorder?
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One or more Manic Episodes.
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The difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue is that dissociative fugue involves...
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unexpected travel from home and assumption of a new identity.
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Judith has been experiencing delusions and hallucinations. She has been gradually withdrawing from human contact and often acts silly, with childlike behaviours. She has a difficult time communicating with others. She would most likely be diagnosed with which form of schizophrenia?
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Disorganized
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Karl is seeing a therapist. He has problems with his relationships, partly because he has difficulty empathizing with other people and tends to be manipulative. At the same time, he is prone to feeling self-important, which leads him to seek attention and also be overly sensitive to criticism. Karl most likely suffers from _____ personality disorder.
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Narcissistic
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Renata recently had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan done. The results showed that her brain has enlarged ventricles, a small frontal cortex, and also has less grey matter and white matter (meaning less synaptic density and less myelinization). If Renata has a psychological disorder, the results of her MRI scan would suggest that the disorder is MOST likely…
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Schizophrenia
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are a class of...
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Antidepressant drugs
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A person is currently being treated with an SSRI. Which psychological disorder is that person most likely being treated for?
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Depression
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In a family therapy session, the therapist will try to help the family to recognize that each family member has an important point of view. This technique is referred to as...
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Validation
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Your friend Angela has been very moody lately and often gets angry with others without any apparent reason. If you wanted to use the client-centered approach to finding out what is really on your friend's mind, which of the following would you do?
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Let Angela talk about whatever she wants, listen carefully, and ask clarifying questions.
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Systematic desensitization has been shown to be an effective treatment for...
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Phobias
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According to Ellis' rational-emotive therapy, people develop psychological disorders because they...
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Have irrational and self-defeating beliefs
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Self-instructional training is a therapeutic approach in which clients are…
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taught to develop and use verbal statements that help them cope with difficult situations.
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The risks of ECT…
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It may include short term and long term intellectual impairment
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An approach/approach conflict is best defined as a situation in which an individual must choose between two...
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Positive goals of approximately equal value
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Burnout is most likely to occur...
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As the gradual accumulation of daily stressors
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Which of the following is NOT happening during the Resistance stage of the GAS?
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The body is more susceptible to illness (this occurs in the exhaustion stage)
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Things that are part of the “non-self” and elicit an immune response have...
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distinctive markers called epitopes
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In a study of caregivers who were looking after a loved one suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, the immune system functioning of the caregiver was related to...
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The level of social support experienced by the care giver
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Minor stresses may be more strongly related to mental health than major stressful events largely because…
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of the cumulative nature of stress.
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Rosemary recently married her high school sweetheart, and they moved into a wonderful new condominium. A week after the move, Rosemary was offered a job that she had been hoping she would get. At this point in time, Rosemary can't imagine being any happier. According to research on change by Holmes and Rahe, Rosemary is likely to be experiencing…
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A high level of stress
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The optimal level of arousal for task performance…
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decreases as the task becomes more complex
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People who use behavioural disengagement as a coping strategy typically experience…
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increased (rather than decreased) distress
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You were in your car, sitting at a red light, and someone rear-ended you. They were not paying attention to the road because they were playing with the settings on their radio. How would we classify this attribution?
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Internal, unstable, controllable
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The fundamental attribution error involves...
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overestimating the importance of internal traits and underestimating the importance of external situations when explaining an actor’s behaviour.
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Jason just finished a class presentation. Afterwards, he thought to himself that he had done a good job in his presentation. He was especially proud of how he had spoken more loudly when he noticed that people at the back of the class were straining to hear him. What Jason did could best be described as an example of...
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Self-monitoring
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When expert pool players perform in the presence of others...
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they hit more shots than when they are alone.
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According to the study of gender and math stereotypes by Spencer, Steele & Quinn (1997)...
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Women performed as well as men on a math test when they were told that the test did not have any bias.
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Joel and Kirk both work with a stock brokerage firm. Joel is considered to be extremely attractive, and Kirk is considered to be average in appearance. Based on research that has investigated the effects of physical appearance in person perception, you should predict that…
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Joel will tend to receive better performance evaluations than Kirk, for equivalent work.
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The illusory correlation effect occurs when we…
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see correlations between social traits that really aren't there, because our expectations distort our memories.
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The idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners refers to the…
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Matching Hypothesis
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Edith is making a class presentation in which she is trying to convince the other students that a proposed change in the requirements for an Education degree will be beneficial in the long run. Based on the research into factors which influence persuasion, Edith will be most persuasive if she…
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Presents both advantages and disadvantages of the proposed change
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Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and polarizing ingroup and outgroup, are basic features of which of the following?
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Groupthink
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Martin knows that excessive exposure to the sun can increase a person’s risk of skin cancer and cataracts. However, he can’t resist getting out and enjoying a sunny day, and putting on sunblock seems to him to be a major inconvenience. Which health-impairing behavioural trend does Martin’s current pattern of behaviour illustrate?
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The risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future.
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What appears to mediate between a potentially stressful event and the emotional, physiological, and behavioural response to that event?
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Appraisal of the event
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What is the Essential Feature of Agoraphobia?
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Intense fear or Anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated exposure to a wide variety of situations that may feel escapable
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What are the symptoms of Agoraphobia?
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Fear of;
-using public transit -being in open spaces -being in enclosed spaces -standing in line/being in a crowd -being outside of your home by yourself |
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What sort of temperament is vulnerable to anxiety disorders?
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-Inhibited temperament - characterized by shyness
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What happens during Dissociative Amnesia?
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-sudden loss of memory of important events and/or personal information
-loss of memory related to traumatic events - typically fined to the traumatic event itself -person may not remember the event itself or a time period surrounding the event |
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What is Dissociative Fugue?
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-Individual loses memory of their entire life and their sense of personal identity
-caused by traumatic event or stress -individual may locate to a new area, adopt a new identity and may establish a new family/career -it is common for the Fugue state to end and for the person to re-establish their original identity |
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In Dissociative Identity Disorder, what is the simple pattern of alternating personalities?
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-the 2 identities take turns controlling behaviour, each having amnesia for the thoughts/actions of the other
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In DID, what is the complex patten or alter is conscious?
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-The host is not aware of the alter, but the alter is aware of the host
-While the host is in control, the alter is conscious and knows the hosts thoughts, actions -when the alter surfaces, it can discuss the hosts actions and thoughts |
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What did Spanos say about DID?
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That the media has made so much information available about DID, that is seems like it has been a creation of North American Culture
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What are the 9 symptoms of a depressive episode?
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1. Depressed mood (everyday, almost all day)
2. Diminished Interest in pleasure 3. Weight loss or gain 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia 5. Psychomotor agitation 6. Fatigue 7. Feelings of worthlessness/guilt 8.Diminshed concentration abilities 9. Suicidal thoughts/plans |
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What is Bipolar 1 Disorder?
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-Requires a presence of at least 1 manic episode
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What is Bipolar 2?
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-At least 1 hypomanic and 1 depressive episode is required
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What are the 7 symptoms of a manic episode?
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1. Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
2. Decreased need for sleep 3. More talkative than usual 4. Racing thoughts 5. Distractibility 6. Increase of goal-directed activity 7. Excessive in involvement in activities |
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What is the difference between a Manic episode and a Hypomanic episode?
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-A manic episode has to last up to a week, while a hypomanic episode is shorter - only lasting up to 4 days
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What is a Mixed episode?
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Can occur during any of the 3 episodes, and alternates between moods of sadness, irritability and euphoria
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What is Clythomic Disorder?
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when an individual experiences chronic, but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbances
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What disorder is said to have major genetic component?
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Bipolar 1
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What are the deregulated neurotransmitters in mood disorders?
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Serotonin and Dopamine
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What are some examples of Cognitive Distortions that may be used by Depressed people?
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-All or nothing thinking
-Overgeneralization -Mental Filter -Emotional Reasoning -Personalization -Should statements |
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What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?
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A. Odd/Eccentric
B. Dramatic/Emotional C. Anxious/Fearful |
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In Cluster A; What is a Paranoid Personality?
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-Individual has a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
-Individuals will assume that others will exploit, harm or deceive them, even with no evidence of this |
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In Cluster A; What is a Schizotypal Personality?
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-Pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits of cut discomfort and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentrics of behaviour
-Individuals often have ideas of reference - incorrect interpretations of casual incidents and external events as having a particular and unusual meaning specifically for the person -e.g. hugging a cactus |
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In Cluster A; Schizoid Personality;
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-Detachment from social relationships as a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings
-Appear to lack a desire for intimacy, seem indifferent in interest of developing close relationships -Social relationships? Meh. |
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How can Cluster B: Antisocial Personalty be described?
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"Psychopathy"
-disregard the rights of others -Deceit and manipulation are key features -Lack of remorse for others |
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Describe Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
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-Instability of interpersonal relationships and self-image
-Make frantic efforts to avoid abandonment -Perception of rejection can lead to profound changes in self-image, affect, cognition and behaviour |
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Explain Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder
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-Attention-seeking behaviour
-Feels uncomfortable and unappreciated when they are not the centre of attention -Lively and Dramatic -May do dramatic things to gain attention when they are not getting it |
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What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder found in cluster B?
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-Grandiosity, need for attention, lack of empathy
-Self-importance elevated -Overestimate their abilities and achievements -May be surprised when they do not receive praise for something they did |
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What is Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder?
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-Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity
-Avoid work/social activities that may involve interpersonal contact due to fears of criticism/rejection -Avoid making new friends unless they are certain that they will be accepted and liked |
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What is Dependent Personality Disorder found in cluster C?
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-Need to be taken care of - clingy and submissive
-Arises from a self-perception of being inadequate -Difficulty making decisions without reassurance and advice |
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What is Cluster C: Obsessive Compulsive Personality?
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-Perfectionism and orderliness
-Attempt to maintain control |
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True or False; Negative thinking can not cause depression
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FALSE: A case study found that negative thinking can make people more vulnerable to depression
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What is Koro and where is it from?
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Koro is an obsessive fear that one's penis will withdraw into ones abdomen, found in China
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What do Algonquin cultures disorder "Windigo" refer to?
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-The intense craving for human flesh and fear that you may turn into a cannibal
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What Mental Disorders are seen as disordered nearly all around the world?
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-Schizophrenia, depression, bipolar
-Any delusional, hallucinogen and disoriented heavier are abnormal in all societies |
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What makes a disorder common and accepted among more societies?
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When the disorder has a biological component to it?
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What are Agonist drug effects?
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-Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
-Can stimulate the production of a neurotransmitter, release it, take place of it and prevent the repute of it |
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What is an Antagonist drug effect?
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-Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
-Blocks the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, destroys it before release and blacks it, blocking binding of it with the post-synaptic receptor - |
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What are Antipsychotic Drugs and how do they work?
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-used to treat psychosis
-diminish agitated heavier, reduce tension and decrease hallucinations, improve social behaviour and sleep patterns -Work by blocking dopamine receptors, leaving the dopamine less effective -Blocks repute of serotonin which reduces schizophrenia symptoms |
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What do SSRIs do? (Antidepressants)
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
-An antagonist that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin |
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What do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors do? (AntiDepressants)
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-Increase the level of neurotransmitters by inhibiting the action of MOA
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What do Tricyclic Antidepressants do? (Antidepressants)
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-Inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin
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What is Lithium and what does it do?
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-A Mood stabilizer (Antimanic)
-induces a calming effect in people suffering from mania |
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AntiAnxiety drugs - What are Benzodiazepines?
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-An Agonist effect against GABA receptors
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AntiAnxiety - Serotonin Agonists
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-Facilitate the binding of serotonin with he post-synaptic receptors
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What is ECT? What are the risks?
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-Electroconvulsive therapy
-Used to treat severely depressed individuals who do not respond to drug therapy -electrical current causes seizure in the brain -side effects include memory loss and cognitive impairment |
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What is Psychosurgery?
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-Last resort
-"Lobotomy" -removal of brain tissue -usually small incisions of the amygdala |
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What was found in the study "Combining Insight Therapy and Medication"?
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There was a lower relapse rate among those using both interpersonal insight therapy and medication
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What is the goal of Psychoanalysis?
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To help individuals recognize the maladaptive ways they have been coping and the sources of their unconscious conflicts
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What is involved in Free Association of the Psychodynamic theory?
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-client says whatever comes to mind
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What is Dream analysis?
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-dreams contain information about the individual's unconscious thoughts and conflicts (manifest vs. latent content)
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What is a Catharsis?
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The release of emotional tension when the individual relives an emotionally charged and conflicting experience
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What is transference?
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-Relating to the therapist in ways which reproduce important relationships e.g. anger toward a parent
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What is Resistance?
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The clients unconscious defence strategies may try to protect client from discussing/experiencing important/difficult emotions/memories
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What does the Humanistic Theory?
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-Based on belief that we all have positive nature, and can consciously grow toward that positive self
-focus is on encouraging the individual to understand themselves and grow personally |
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What is Carl Rogers' Client-Centered Therapy?
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-The therapist is there to listen and provide unconditional positive regard
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What is Fritz Perls Theory?
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Gestalt Therapy
-Active questioning to challenge clients to become aware of feelings and face their problems -can become confrontative -uses exaggeration of clients characteristics, role playing, dream analysis etc. |
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What is Cognitive Therapy?
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-Emphasis on irrational thought patterns
-Attempt to change feelings/behaviours through cognitive restructuring |
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What is Albert Ellis' Rational-Emotitive Behaviour Therapy?
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-where individuals develop a psychological disorder because of their beliefs, especially those that are irrational and self defeating
-Clients are shown how to dispute their dysfunctional beliefs by the therapist directly challenging the beliefs |
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What is Beck's Cognitive Therapy?
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-Problems arise when people think illogically about themselves, the world and the future
-Through an open-ended dialogue with the therapist people learn to challenge the accuracy of their own automatic thoughts and emotional reactions |
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What does Behavioural Therapy do?
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-uses learning and conditioning to reduce/eliminate the maladaptive behaviour
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What is systematic Desensitization?
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-used to treat anxiety by combining deep relaxation and provoking stimuli
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What is flooding?
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exposing the person to the anxiety proving stimuli, without allowing them to escape
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What is Aversive Conditioning?
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Pairing the undesirable behaviour with something unpleasant
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What is Behaviour Modification?
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-Replacing maladaptive responses with adaptive responses
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What is token economy?
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-Behaviours (positive and negative) are reinforced using tokens that can later be exchanged for rewards
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What are the advantages of group therapy?
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-Information
-Universality (others feel the same) -Altruism (give support) -Corrective recapitulation of the family group -Development of Social Skills (feedback) -Interpersonal Learning -Validation -Reframing -Structural Change -Detriangulation |
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What is the Attribution theory?
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-how people engage in motivated behaviour
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What is the fundamental attribution error?
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-Observers overestimate the importance of traits and underestimate the importance of situations when they seek explanations of an actors behaviour
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What was the result of Jones and Harris' study?
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-Participants were more likely to infer that the paper reflected the student's true attitude when the position had been freely chosen
-Even when participants thought the student had no choice, they still used the speech to infer attitude |
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What is the Self-Serving Bias?
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The tendency to perceive oneself favourably
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What is the False consensus and false uniqueness?
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-We further enhance our self image by over/under estimating the extent to which others think/act like us
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What did Festinger say about the social comparison theory?
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Without any objective way of evaluating our performance, we compare ourselves with others, those who are similar or worse off
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What was the results of the Miller and Macfarland Study?
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No students sought help for the incomprehensible passage, they wrongfully inferred that people who didn't seek help did not need any
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What did Mark Snyder say about Self-Monitoring?
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individuals vary in the extent to which they strategically cultivate public appearances
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What are high self monitors?
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Particularly sensitive to the ways that they express and present themselves
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What are low self monitors?
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Tend to express what they feel, rather than old and tailor their behaviour to fit the situation
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What did Debono find about self-monitoring?
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high self monitors value consumer products for their strategic value in cultivating social images and public appearances, they react positively to advertising appeals that associate products with status
-low self monitors chose products that they could trust to perform their intended functions well |
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What is The Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
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-An individuals motivation to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts
-Motivated towards consistency - e.g "I am doing this for free, therefore i must love doing it" |
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What is the Self-perception theory?
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-theory about the connection between attitudes and behaviour; it stresses that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behaviour
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What did Milgram's obedience study find?
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obedience is essential in order for society to function
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What promotes disobedience?
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-when subjects were given the opportunity to see others disobey
-when the authority figure is not seen as legitimate or is not close by -when the victim is made to seem more human |
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What is Social Facilitation?
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-A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance one say tasks, but impairs performance on difficult tasks
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A group-produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks where contributions are pooled and when individual effort cannot be detected is;
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Social Loafing
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Self-definitions in terms of one's social category memberships is;
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Social Identity
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What did Fein and Spencer find about prejudice?
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When a person has an opportunity to have their self-image bolstered, they were less likely to provide negative evaluation of a member of a stereotyped group
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Am I going to do awesome?
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Yes
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