Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Reflex |
Inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli |
|
|
Instinct |
An inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli. Also known as a fixed action pattern |
|
|
Learning |
a relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience |
|
|
Associative Learning |
The formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behaviors |
|
|
Classical Conditioning |
A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time |
|
|
Operant Conditioning |
A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes |
|
|
Nonassociative Learning |
Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus |
|
|
Habituation |
A simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease |
|
|
Sensitization |
An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one very strong stimulus |
|
|
Observational Learning |
Learning that occurs when an organism watches the actions of another. Also known as social learning or modeling |
|
|
Conditioned Stimulus |
An enviromental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning |
|
|
Unconditioned Stimulus |
A stimulus that elicits a response without any prior experience |
|
|
Conditioned Response |
A response learned through classical conditioning |
|
|
Unconditioned Response |
A response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience |
|
|
Acquistion |
The development of a learned response |
|
|
Extinction |
The reduction of a learned response. |
|
|
Spontaneous Recovery |
During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest |
|
|
Inhibition |
A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus actually predicts the nonoccurence of an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Generalization |
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Discrimination |
A learned ability to distinguish between stimuli |
|
|
Higher Order Conditioning |
Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding |
|
|
Latent Inhibition |
The slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar compared to when the conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar |
|
|
Systematic Desensitization |
A type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear |
|
|
Conditioned Reinforcer |
A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued. Also known as a secondary reinforcer |
|
|
Negative Reinforcement |
A method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence |
|
|
Punishment |
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior |
|
|
Positive Punishment |
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying the aversive stimulus |
|
|
Negative Punishment |
A method for reducing behavior by removing something desirable whenever the target behavior occurs |
|
|
Partial Reinforcement |
The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions but not others |
|
|
Fixed ratio Schedule |
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors |
|
|
Variable ratio Schedule |
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors |
|
|
Fixed interval Schedule |
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval will be reinforced |
|
|
Variable interval Schedule |
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a varying period of time is reinforced |
|
|
Partial reinforcement effect in extinction |
The more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement than following partial reinforcement |
|
|
Shaping/method of successive approximations |
A method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur |
|
|
Latent Learning |
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement |
|
|
Token Economy |
An application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors |
|
|
Imitation |
The copying of behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally an spontaneously |
|
|
Memory |
The ability to retain knowledge |
|
|
Information Processing |
A continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition |
|
|
Encoding |
The transformation of information from one form to another |
|
|
Storage |
The retention of information |
|
|
Retrival |
The recovery of stored information |
|
|
Sensory Memory |
The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time |
|
|
Short-term Memory |
The second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds a small amount of information of a limited time |
|
|
Chunking |
The process of grouping similar or meaningful information together |
|
|
Working Memory |
An extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously |
|
|
Long-term Memory |
The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories |
|
|
Levels of Processing |
The depth (shallow to deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval |
|
|
Declaritive Memory |
Consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize, which include semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information; also known as explicit memories |
|
|
Explicit Memory |
A conscious memory; also known as a declarative memory |
|
|
Nondeclaritive |
Unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories that are difficult to verbalize, including memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; also known as implicit memories |
|
|
Implicit memory |
An unconscious memory; also known as a nondeclaritive memory |
|
|
Semantic memory |
A general knowledge memory |
|
|
Episodic Memory |
a memory for personal experience |
|
|
Autobiographical memory |
Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self |
|
|
Procedural memory |
An implicit memory for how to carry out skilled movement |
|
|
Priming |
A change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus |
|
|
Spreading activation model |
a connectionist theory pressing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences |
|
|
Schema |
Set of expectations about objects and situations |
|
|
Cue |
a stimulus that aids retrieval |
|
|
Encoding Specificity |
Memories incorporate unique combinations of information when encoded |
|
|
Reconstruction |
The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements |
|
|
Flashbulb Memory |
An especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event |
|
|
Forgetting |
A decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory |
|
|
Decay |
Reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time |
|
|
Interference |
Competition between newer and older information in memory |
|
|
Motivated Forgetting |
Failure to retrieve negative memories |
|
|
Long-term Potentiation |
The enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation |
|
|
mnemonics |
Memory aids that link new information to well-known information |
