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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Romans view of children?
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disposal of unwanted children
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What was Medieval Europe's view of children?
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Children were viewed as mini adults.
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What happened in the enlightenment as far as view of children goes?
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Children needed to be shielded from bad behavior.
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What happened with schooling after the enlightenment?
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proper moral and religious education plus some useful skills like reading and writing which was meant to build a good labor force.
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what happened for children in the 19th century?
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Adolescence was considered a distinct phase (G. Stanley Hall)
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What happened in the 20th century for children?
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industrialization, immigration, child labor laws and compulsory schooling.
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What were baby biographies?
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people took notes on child's development like major events like learning to walk, etc. like a baby book. Could be biased.
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Who was G. Stanley Hall?
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He studied youth, defined adolescence as a distinct phase.
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Who was Jean Piaget?
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He studied the way children think.
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Who were Freud and Erikson?
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they studied psychoanalytical theory and children.
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What is development?
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the systematic continuities and changes in the individual that occur from conception to death.
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What is theory?
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a set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe and explain a set of observations. A good theory is parsimonious, falsifiable and generative/heuristic value.
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What is socialization?
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The process in which children acquire beliefs, values and behaviors that are appropriate and desirable within a specific culture or society.
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What are "approaches to studying development?
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changes are based on cultural and historical context
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What are controversies in studying development?
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Nature vs. Nurture: which is the primary influence?
Passive vs. Active: How do children influence their own development? Good or bad: Are children inherently born a certain way or is it learned? Continuous vs. Discontinuous: Does development continue or does it stop after a certain point? |
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What are the goals of development research?
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describe how people change over time, explain what causes these changes, and document and explain individual differences.
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What are asking techniques?
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self-report, questionnaires, interviews -survey of adolescents, diary studies, parent - teacher report - temperament questionnaires.
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What are is naturalistic observation?
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observe where kids hang out in different countries, limited by low control and time that it takes.
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What is structured observation?
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lab tasks, better control and idea of delay of gratification can be used as an example... the marshmallow study. Limited by subject being aware of being observed and behavior might not translate to real world and external validity problems.
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what is an ethnography?
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Studying subjects in their natural environment by becoming part of it like the lady that went into a high school.
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What are psycholophysiological studies?
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brain imaging and cortisol levels
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What is a nautral/quasi-experimental study design?
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IV reflects pre-existing condition, compare people with and without the condition. Not a true experiment.
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What are cross-sectional designs?
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several age groups at one point like studying different ages and how they were on 9/11. Leads to cohort effects, no data on individual development.
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What is longitudinal design?
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study one group assessed at different times. Issues: selective attrition/nonrepresentattive sample, single cohort or generation, cost and time.
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What is sequential design?
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several age groups at several times issues: cost and time, selective attrition.
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What are emotions?
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a feeling or affect that can involve phsyiological arousal, cognitions and behavioral expressions.
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What is the descrete theory of emotion?
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biologically based, evolutionarily adaptive, each involves distinct emotion program, feeling state and facial expression.
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What is the functionalist theory of emotion?
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emotions are functional in that they motivate behavior and influence action, begin with generalized or global cultural/enviornmental influences on emotional develoment. CULTURE.
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When do facial expressions form a distinct, coherent pattern?
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5-6 months.
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What is a rudimentary/reflexive smile?
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happens during sleep or physical change in baby's physiological state.
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What is a social smile?
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clearly in context of an interaction with the world.
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When does laughter develop?
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3-4 months.
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When do negative emotions emerge?
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in 1st 6 months.
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When is sadness and anger differentiated?
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4 months.
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When are expressions of anger and sadness increased and more mobile, frustration?
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6-12 months.
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When does separation anxiety appear?
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The peak of protest to seperation anxiety is in the middle of the second year of life.
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When does fear appear?
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6-7 months.
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When does stranger anxiety appear?
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Peaks at 8-10 months and then decreases.
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When does embarrassment appear?
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18 months
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When does pride and shame appear?
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18 months to 3 years.
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What is self-awareness?
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realization that you exist independently of other people and objects. Emerges around 15-18 months.
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What is social referencing?
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use another person's emotional expression to guide behavior at 7-12 months.
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When can kids distinguish facial expression and emotions portrayed?
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4-6 months.
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How do you foster emotional understanding?
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Talking about emotions helps them learn when it's okay to express them and greater elaboration tends to work better when learning about emotions from a child.
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What is emotion regulation?
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Strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals. Intrinsic and extrinsic processes responsible for identifying, supervising, evaluation and altering emotional reactions.
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When does early self-regulation appear?
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6 months.
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When can they use language to talk about feelings?
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by age 2.
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How does the US and China/Japan differ on baby's emotion regulation?
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US tries to stimulate high levels of positive emotion/keep them calm while the Japanese/Chinese discourage any strong emotion.
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What is social competence?
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skills that help individuals achieve their personal goals in interactions while maintaining a positive relationship.
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What is academic competence?
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ability to delay gratification associated years later with academic performance.
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What is temperament?
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Biologically based, relatively stable, individual differences in behavior and cornerstone of adult personality.
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What was Rothbart's theory of temperament?
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reactivity and self-regulation as core and effortful control.
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What was Rothbart's 6 dimensions?
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activity level, attention span and persistence, fearful distress, irritable distress, positive affect, rhymicity
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What was Thomas and Chess's 9 dimensions of temperment?
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activity level, rhythmicity, distractabilty, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, attention span/persistence, intensity of reaction, threshold of responsivness, and quality of mood.
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What is an easy temperament type of infant?
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adjust readily to new situations, cheerful, easy to calm, quickly establish daily routines (eating and sleeping)
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What is a difficult temperament type of infant?
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slow to adjust, react negatively and intensely to new things, irregular in daily routines and body functions.
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What is a slow to warm up temperament type of infant?
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somewhat difficult at first but become easier over time with repeated contact with new objects, people and situations.
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What is goodness-of-fit?
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creating child environments that recognize child's temperament and encourage adaptive functioning.
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What did Spitz do?
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Documented illness and high death rate in orphanage, also intense infant grief after separation from mom.
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What was Harlow's experiment with monkeys?
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reared rhesus monkeys in isolation and compared them to mother reared monkeys. Studied the role of feeding vs. tactile stimulation - separated from mother at birth and reared with cloth and wire mothers for 6 months.
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What is attachment?
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an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time.
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What is the pre-attachment stage of attachment?
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0-6 weeks: infants produce innate signals like crying that brings others; infant is comforted by the interaction.
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What is the attachment in the making stage of attachment?
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6 weeks to 6-8 months: infant responds preferentially to familiar people; more easily soothed by primary caregiver; forming expectations about how caregivers will respond.
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What is the clear cut attachment stage of attachment?
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6-8 months to 1.5 years: seek contact with regular caregivers; mother serves as secure base.
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What is the reciprocal relations stage of attachment?
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1.5 years to 2 years and beyond: toddler's language and cognition help them understand parent's goals; more active role in partnership; mutually regulated relationship.
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What were the phases observed by Schaffer et al?
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asocial, indiscriminate attachments, specific attachments and multiple attachments
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What were the main components of the strange situation?
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naturalistic caregiver observations, brief separations and encounters with strangers and reunions with caregiver.
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What are the 4 patterns of attachment?
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secure attachment (60-65% of US kids)
insecure/resistant (10%) Insecure/avoidant (15-20%) Disorganized/disoriented (5-15%; added later) |
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What are some criticisms of attachment theory?
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it's too strange, categories vs. continuous dimensions, and only works for young children (more accustomed to brief separations when older)
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What is some empirical support of attachment theory?
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compared securely and insecurely attached 12 month olds on their behavior at home. Securely attached kids were happier and experienced more enjoyment and were less fussy, used paretns as a safe base for exploration.
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How do mothers of securely attached infants act?
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read signals accurately and respond quickly.
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How do mothers of insecure/resistant infants act?
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mothers tend to be inconsistent, may be anxious and overwhelmed.
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How do mothers of insecure/avoidant infants act?
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mothers indifferent and emotionally unavailable or rejecting OR overstimulating/intrusive.
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How do mothers of disorganized infants act?
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mothers may show abusive or frightening behavior or they may be dealing with loss/trauma.
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What is the temperament-modest effect?
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emotionally reactive, irritable babies, certain genetic profiles make infants susceptible to poor caregiving or to insecure attachment.
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What are long term correlates?
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emotional, social skills and peer relationships, academic, behavior problems, reasons for long term effects (stable internal working models = stable environment.)
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What is the internal working model?
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How we view/what we believe about ourselves, others and the world. It influences what we expect of and from ourselves, others and the world in general and directs how we respond. It begins to form as soon as we are born and is based on experiences with others and outcomes of our efforts.
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