Psych 437

Front 1

ovum
embryo
fetus

Back 1

fertilization-2 weeks of life
3rd week> 8th week
9th week>birth

Front 2

period of the ovum "the germinal period"

Back 2

emphasis on cell division
fertilization >zygote (1 cell)
cleavage (3)> morula (16-32 cells)
differential growth (4)>blastocyst
Differential growth (day 4-5)> inner cell mass
implantation (das 6-12)
placenta formation (day 12)
Gastrulation (day 14)

Front 3

zygote

Back 3

fusion of nuclei to make single celled structure

Front 4

morula

Back 4

(16-32 cells) solid ball of cells, 3 days after fertilization

Front 5

blastocyst (trophoblast, blastocele)

Back 5

from morula, outer cells differentiate faster so they start to pull away from center to form the blastocele/blastocyst (space in the middle)
trophoblast-outer layer of cells surrounding center space
day 4, mass close to end of fallopian tube

Front 6

inner cell mass
corion

Back 6

structure on inner surface of blastocyst, eventually makes structures of fetus
corion-protective layer over inner cell mas when implanted in uterus, develops around yolk sack and embryo
days 4-5 still free in uterus

Front 7

implantation

Back 7

days 6-12 blastocyst sinks into uterine lining, which grows over to encase/protect

Front 8

placenta formation

Back 8

semi-permeable, functional and anatomical contact between blastocyst and uterus
day 12

Front 9

Gastrulation

Back 9

process where inner cell mass becomes 3 germ layers
ensoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Front 10

period of the ovum

Back 10

fertilization (usually w/in 24 hours of ovulation)>cleavage (morula day 3)>Differential Growth (day 4, blastocyst)>Differential Growth (days 4-5, inner cell mass)>Implantation (days 6-12)>Placenta formation (day 12)>Gastrulation (day 14)

Front 11

amniotic sack

Back 11

replaces primary yolk sac (15 days old)

Front 12

ovum
embryo
fetus

Back 12

ovum: fertilization-2 weeks of life
embryo: 3rd week-8th week completion of gasturation, emphasis on morphogenesis (structural development)
fetus: 9th week-birth (39 weeks)

Front 13

bone formation (endochondral ossification)

Back 13

during 5 week period of embryo
simultaneous process of cartilage stage and ossification stage

Front 14

bone anatomy

Back 14

upper epiphysis (head)
bone shaft (diaphysis)
lower epiphysis

Front 15

cartilage stage
cartilage (hyaline) model

Back 15

chondroblasts (cartilage forming cells)
aggregates form cartilage models of future bones
increases in size during 4-5th prenatal weeks

Front 16

ossification stage

Back 16

osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
lay down bone collar on cartilage model (periosteum=outer fibrous layer+inner osteogenic layer)
spreads progressively over cartilage model, center>ends
week 5
POC 7-8

Hint 16

osteoblasts
periosteum

Front 17

calcification of cartilage

Back 17

while ossification happening, cartilage becomes calcified (cut off from nutrients) making calcified cartilage matrix

Hint 17

calcified cartilage matrix

Front 18

primary ossification center

Back 18

osteoblasts and capillaries from osteogenic (inner) layer of periosteum penetrate cartilage model at center, cavity formed of capillaries and osteoblasts
7-8 prenatal weeks (fetus)

Front 19

disintegration of calcified cartilage cells

Back 19

digested by special cells as ossification occurs, progresses from primary ossification center toward ends of the model

Hint 19

at what stage does this occur? in what direction on the bone?

Front 20

osteoblasts lay down bone

Back 20

from primary ossification center (replace calcified cartilage) from POC to end of model
ossified by birth-soft,pliable bone tissue
http://www.e-radiography.net/articles/ossification/ossification.htm

Front 21

secondary ossification centers

Back 21

appear after birth in 2 locations:
1. epiphyses of long bones
2. ends of diaphysis=epiphyseal cartilage plate

Front 22

bone growth in length (3 zones)

Back 22

zone 1: division of cartilage cells on plate, to push out
zone 2: as cartialge cells move out, gets replaced w/ bone
zone 3: as result of hormonal secretions in adolescence, cartilage cells in head side of plate stop dividing and become calcified
termination of growth: once fusion of shaft w/ head, growth can no longer occur

Front 23

bone growth in diameter

Back 23

proceeds by deposition of bone from osteogenic activity of periosteum (get thicker as result of osteoblasts dividing and depositing layers

Front 24

period of the fetus

Back 24

outstanding feature: increase in size (growth) 1.5 mm/day (fertilization-birth weight increases 6 billions times)

Front 25

motor behavior during fetal period

Back 25

post birth movement built upon prenatal behaviors already established
1. reflex responses
2. spontaneous movements (both from CNS control)

Front 26

purpose of fetal movements?

Back 26

1. preparatory role-practive/exercise 4 motor patterns evolving later (continuity-providing a foundation)
2. assist with birth-positioning (in birth canal-spontaneous movement downward) propulsion (through birth canal-movement stimulates uterine contractions)

Hint 26

2

Front 27

level of fetal activity

Back 27

increased level fetal activity, generally increased level of motor competence (higher level of neuro muscular development)

Front 28

mothers emotional state and fetus

Back 28

can be felt though increase in HR, hormones transferring through placenta) can affect birth weight

Front 29

detecting fetal abnormalities

Back 29

ultrasound: image from bouncing sound waves can find dev. patterns
amniocentesis: untra-sound guided needle, inserted through abdomen into uterus, extracts amniotic fluid and fetal cells-analyzed for genetic disorders (16th week)
chorionic villus sampling: tube threaded into uterus from amniotic sac, taking hairlike material surounding embryo (btw 8-11th week)

Front 30

the regulation of growth

Back 30

bipolar determination paradigm (nature vs. nurture)
interaction of GenotypeXenvironment=phenotype

Front 31

genotype
phenotype

Back 31

organisms genetic/hereditary endowment; totality of all inherited elements
description of an organism in terms of observable qualities, including all external and internal structures and functions; resultant of interaction btw certain genotype and certain environment

Front 32

internal secretion glands

Back 32

secrete dir. into blood stream
hormones (generally stimulate bodily functions)

Front 33

3 regulatory functions of hormones

Back 33

1. reg physical growth and sexual maturation
2. maintenance function-conrol internal environment of the body (metabolism)
3. integration-integrate tissues/organs to internal and external occurrences

Front 34

how are regulatory functions accomplished?

Back 34

hormone feedback system-activity of 1, affected by another

Front 35

specificity

Back 35

hormone receptors (in target cells) in certain tissues

Front 36

anterior pituitary

Back 36

"master gland" physical growth and maturation
secretes hormones "tropic"-target seeking

Front 37

6 hormones chiefly responsible for stimulating growth in pre-adolescent years

Back 37

thyrotropin (TSH)
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
gonadotropins (FSH, LH)
somatotrophin (GH)

Front 38

thyrotropin (TSH)

Back 38

controls secretions of thyroid glands
stimulates thyroxine (general increase in o2 consumption in most tissues)
thyrocalcitonin (decreases calcium in circulation)
must be present for GH to have its full effect

Front 39

adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Back 39

adrenal cortex stimulating hormone
regulates secretion of glucocorticoids and androgens from adrenal cortex (aldosterone, cortisol, androgens, estrogens)

Front 40

gonadotropins

Back 40

follicle-stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormone

Hint 40

stim growth of ovarian follicles LH promotes maturation of an oaarioan follicle, and dev of corpus luteum if egg fertilized

Front 41

somatotrophin

Back 41

growth-stimulating hormone
direct effects: stimulates proteins through out body, to incur growth
indirect effects: liver produces somatomedins (somatomedin C active in cartilage, involves prolif of cartilage cells at growth plates of long bones)

Hint 41

direct and indirect effects

Front 42

parathyroids

Back 42

parathormone-increases calcium

Front 43

pancreas

Back 43

(islets of langerhans-endocrine gland secretes insulin from beta cells)
essential for full expression of GH (catalyst)

Front 44

Adreal cortex

Back 44

mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
androgens
estrogens