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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition
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The processes whereby we acquire and use knowledge
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Language
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A flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules, gestures, or symbols to convey information
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Signs
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Stereotypes communications about an animal's current state
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Morphemes
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The smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes
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Phonemes
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The basic sound units of a language that indicate changes in language meaning.
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Syntax
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The rules for arranging words into grammatical phrases and sentences
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Grammar
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The language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language
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Semantics
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The criteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language
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Surface structure
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The particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence.
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Deep structure
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The underlying meaning of a sentence.
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Image
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A nonverbal mental representation of a sensory experience
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Concept
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A mental category for classifying objects, people, or experiences
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Prototype
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According to Rosch, a mental model containg the most typical features of a concept.
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Algorithm
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A step-by-step method of problem solving that gaurentees a correct solution
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Heuristics
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Rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not gaurentee a correct solution.
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Trial and Error
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A problem-solving strategy based on the successive elimination of incorrect solutions until the correct one is found
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Hill climbing
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A heuristic problem-solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal
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Subgoals
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Intermediate, more manageable goals used in one heruistic strategy to make it easier to reach the final goal
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Means-end analysis
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A heuristic strategy that aims to reduce the discrepancy between the current situation and the desired goal at a number of intermediate points
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mental set
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the tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object, thus interfering with the process of problem solving
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visualizing
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a problem-solving strategy in which principles or concepts are drawn, diagrammed, or charted so that they can be better understood
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divergent thinking
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thinking that meets the criteria of originality, inverntiveness, and flexibility
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convergent thinking
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thinking that is directed toward one correct solution to a problem
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brainstorming
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a problem-solving strategy in which an individual or a group produces numerous ideas and evaluates them only after all ideas have been collected
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compensatory model
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a rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria
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representativeness
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a heuristic by which a new situation is judges on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model
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availability
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a heuristic by which a judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory
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Confirmation bias
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the tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief
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framing
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the perspective or phrasing of information that is used to make a decision
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Hindsight bias
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the tendency to view outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome
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counterfactual thinking
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thinking about alternative realities and things that never happened
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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Whorf's idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks
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figurative language
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expressive or nonliteral language such as metaphor and irony
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telegraphic speech
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an early speech stage of 1 and 2 year olds that omits words that are not essential to the meaning of a phrase
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intelligence
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a general term referrin to the ability or abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior
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intelligence tests
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tests designed to measure a person's general mental abilities
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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Sternberg's theory that intelligence involves mental skills(componential aspect), insight and creative adaptibility(experiential aspect), and environmental responsiveness(contextual aspect)
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Componential intelligence
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according to Sternberg, the ability to acquire new knowledge and solve problems effectively
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Experiental intelligence
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Sternberg's term for the ability to adapt creatively in new situations, to use insight
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Contextual intelligence
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according to Sternberg, the ability to select contexts in which you can excel, to shape the environment to fit your strenghts
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Theory of multiple intelligences
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Howard Gardner's theory that there is not one intelligence, but rather many intelligences, each of which is realtively independent of the others
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emotional intelligence
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according to Goleman, a form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others, and can manage their emotional behavior
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binet-simon scale
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the first test of intelligence, developed for testing children
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Stanfor-Binet Intelligence Scale
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Terman's adaptation of the Binet-Simon Scale
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Intelligence quotient (IQ)
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A numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test; the average IQ is arbitrarily set at 100
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition
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An individual intelligence test developed especially for adults; it yields verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scores
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children-Third Edition
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An individual intelligence test developed especially for school-aged children
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group tests
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intelligence tests administered by one examiner to many people at one time
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performance tests
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intelligence tests that minimize the use of language
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Culture-fair tests
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intelligence tests designed to reduce cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another
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reliability
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ability of a test to produce consistent and stable scores
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split-half reliability
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a mehtd of determining test reliability by dividing the test into two parts and checking the agreement of scores on both parts
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corrrelation coefficients
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statistical measures of the degress of association between two variables
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validity
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Ability of a test to measure what it has been designed to measure
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Content validity
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Refers to a test's having an adequate sample of questions measuring the skills or knowledge it is supposed to measure
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Criterion-related validity
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Validity of a test as measured by a comparison of the test score and independent measures of what the test is designed to measure
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tacit knowledge
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knowledge one needs for success in completing particular tasks; this knowledge may not be explicit
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Mental Retardation
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condition of significantly subaverage intelligence combined with deficiences in apative behavior
mild-low 50s-70 moderate- mid 30s to low 50s severe- low 20s to mid 30s profound- below 20 or 25 |
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giftedness
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refers to the superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership
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creativity
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the ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects
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