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140 Cards in this Set
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Cultural psychology studies |
The effects of culture on psychological processes |
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General psychology focuses on how psychological processes are ____ across cultures while cult psych focuses on how they are ____ |
Universal. Variable |
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Culture according to heine |
Information acquired via social learning from members of the same species that is capable of affecting behavior |
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Problems with studying culture |
1. Lines of culture are not clear cut 2. Cultures are constantly changing 3. Individual variation |
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The father of cult. Psychology |
Richard schweder |
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Analogy for how general psychology veiws the brain |
As a context and culture free CPU acting according to universal laws |
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Some basic psychological universals |
Smiling when happy. Understanding of the concept of 2. Word for black |
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To general psychology context and content = |
Noise |
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Cult. Psychology sees thw mind as |
Unseperably bound to context and culture |
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Humans seek ___ in their actions. The possibilities of which are determined by culture |
Meaning |
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Culture determines your ______ which affects our behaviors |
Experiences |
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Two common cultural models of self |
1. Independent- self is independent from others 2. Interdependent - self as interdependent with others |
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Model of self most common in middle class americans? Working class? |
Independent. Interdependent. |
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3 challenges in defining cultures |
1. Boundaries of culture are not clear 2. Cultures are constantly changing 3. Individuals within a culture vary |
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Circular nature of cultural systems |
They can be considered both the product of actions as well as primes for future actions |
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Cultures can be said to consist of patterns of |
Historically derived and selected ideas and their embodiement |
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The cultural cycle model of mutual constitution of culture and selves relates |
Pervasive ideas----institutions and products---- daily practices agency and self identity |
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General psychology focuses on ____ attemps to uncover____ |
Universals. Laws by which the brain operates |
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Cult psych focuses on |
Cult. Variation and how this effects meaning systems we create in our minds. |
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Two assumptions of cult. Psych |
1. Mind and cult. Are entangled 2. Thoughts are shaped by contexts. Contexts inform the content of our thoughts |
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Diff. In attn. During figure line task between us and e asians |
East Asian s showed more activation during absolute task while us showed more during relative task |
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Their is neural evidence that different cultures have differences in psychological processes |
True |
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How do assumptions and practices surround speaking differ between asain and western contexts? |
Asian- talking impairs thinking. Meditation. Listen in class. Good mind like water. Still and clear Wester- talking good for thinking. Socratic method. Verbal participation in class. Thinking aloud |
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In an experiment between asian and western ppl. Using raven matrices and conditions of silence and thinking aloud which condition produced the most correct answers? |
The condition that was more consitent with thw norms of the culture. Asian better in silence. Western bettern in thinking aloud |
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Difference between comercial content. Japanese vs. American |
Japanese= others are focal. People responsive to one another. Products connect you with others American= i can. I am in control. I is forground others backround. Products let you be you |
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Prob with psychology is that the magority originates from research of _ _ _ _ _ societies |
Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic |
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96% of psychology participants are from ___ nations |
Western industrialized |
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What adds even more to the weird problem of psychology |
Most are uni. Undergrads |
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Are weird countries representative of the worlds population? |
Make up only about 16% of world pop. |
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An exqmple of how the the weird psychology can produce phony universals |
Results of the mueller-lyer illusion demo- relies on experience with carpets and walls to work |
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Why study cultural psych? |
1. Better understand full distribution of human psychology 2. Understand implications for variation in psychology |
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Colorblind approach |
Ignores cultural differences emphasizes common human nature |
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Benefit of colour blind approach |
Avoid us vs. Them mentality- even trivial differences have been shown to lead to discrimination |
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Multicultural approach |
Recognize group identities are different. Ignoring these differences can lead to neg. Response |
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In the colorblind vs multi cultural msg experiment which condition lead to more positive interactions between participants? |
Multicult. |
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Male ROP in the sambia |
Femininity is innate. Masculinity must be cultivated. To turn boys into brave men they must go through many innotiation processes. Must ingest semen which is seem as the physical bases of jerungdu. |
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Sexual stages of sambian male life |
7-15 yrs - oral sex with older men 15+- recieve oral sex from younger boys 17+-married - bi sexual activity with wife and younger boys Fatherhood- exclusively hetero sexual |
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Difference between sambian and western view of sexuality |
Western see as integral part of identity Sambian as dynamic stages of life |
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Cultural psychology can help us to recognize our own |
Ethnocentrism |
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Aims of cult psych. |
Understand world from various points of veiw Broaden concept of what is good and natural Become slower to judge others |
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Common ancestor with apes |
5-7 mya |
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Culture can be said to be unique to humans if |
It is defined in concrete terms- culture has symbolic meaning |
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According to the abstract definition of culture "learning through social transmission" is culture unique to humans? |
No |
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Ex. Of 2 unique chimp cultures |
Twig v. Bark fishers |
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Cult. Learning in other species |
Dolphins- sponges as foraging tooks Whales- dialects |
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What is unique about human cultural learning? |
1. Very rapid- sometimes only single exposure 2. Prestige bias- attuned to cues that signal prestige. General learning mechanism copies prestigious model |
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2 cognitive abilities that allow for uniqueness of human cult. |
1. Theory of mind 2. Language |
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Theory of mind |
The understanding that other people have a mind containing thoughts and intentions that are different from our own |
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Do chimps display TOM? |
Those trained in captivity do Those existing in the wild do not |
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2 types of learning |
1. Imitative 2. Emulative |
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Imitative learning |
Humans use. Tom. Internalize models goals and stratégies. Fullfill goal of model. |
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Emulative learning |
Learner alone tries to figure out how object effects environnent. Focus on use of object to change environment. No tom |
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Results of rake experiment with apes and kids |
Kids always imitate actions of model. Chimps use teeth up position regardless of models use |
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Pros and cons of imitative learning |
Pros. Faithful high fidelity reproduction of target behavior. Allows cumulative cultural learning Cons. Less efficient. Requires model |
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Pros and cons of emulative learning |
Pros. Efficient. Learner quickly learns effective tool use Cons. Doesnt allow cultural learning |
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How does language facilitate cultural learning? |
Clearly communicate ideas of varying complexity. Complex grammar and syntax and extent of vocab. Allows for cumulative cult. Learning |
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Major difference between human culture and that of other animals |
Human culture is cumulative |
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Cumulative culture is characterized by |
The ratchet effect- over time ideas are modified and improved by others |
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3 requirements for cumulative culture |
1. Sophisticated language 2. Reliable social transmission 3. Imitative learning |
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Metaphor for the speed of cumulative culture |
Moores law- data density. That can be built in go putersdoubles every 18 months |
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Why does cumulative culture increase at an exponential rate |
Pop. Incrs= more models to compy and more ideas to improve upon |
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Humans have a higher than average___? |
Encephalization quotient (4.6) |
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Cost of human brain |
1. Requires 16% of basal metabolism 2. Loss of muscle mass 3. Shorter gut (aided by invention of cooking) |
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3 theories for incrs in human brain size |
1. Fruit theory 2. Extraction theory 3. Social theory - most likely |
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Neocortex ratio |
Size neocortex/size of brain |
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Based on research of grp size compared to neocortex ratio the odeal grp size for humans is |
150 |
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Humans always preform better thab chinps on intellectual tasks |
False |
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Evidence for hyper social nature of humans |
Live in lager grps than other primates More interested in others Engage in more social learning |
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What part of culture is unique to humans |
Cumulative cultural learning |
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Key reason behind evokution of big brains |
Ability to learn skills while observing others. Successful social skills |
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In order to successfully compare cultures and avoid drawing faulty conclusions based on assumptions researchers must |
Must have knowledge of norms and practices of cultures |
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Ways of developing an understanding of different cultures |
1. Ethnographies 2. Informants 3. Immersion |
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Methodological equivalence |
Ensure methods understood in identical ways across cultures |
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What mau researchers need to sacrifice for methodological equivalence? |
Control. May need to alter procedure for diff. Cultures |
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How do researchers avoid problems with methodological equivalence? |
Targeting students from industrialized societies |
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Problems with targeting students from industrialized societes |
Can lack Generalizability and power |
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Problems with cultural studies |
Understanding norms of other culture Methodological equivalence Translation of materials |
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How to insure material is translated properly |
Back translations |
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Issues with cross cult. Surveys |
Response biases |
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Types of response biases |
1. Socially desirable responding 2. Moderacy and extremity bias 3. Acquiescence bias 4. Reference grp. Effect 5. Deprivation effect |
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In which bias are peoples answers motivated by their desire to be positively seen by others? |
Socially desirable responding |
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Solutions to mod and ext. Biases |
1. Yes no qs 2. Standardize answers |
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What does standardization allow and not allow for? |
Allows- comparison within a cuktural context but not for that between contexts |
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Solution to acquiescence bias |
Reverse response questions |
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How to control reference group bias |
Use physiological response measures Quantitative measure s such as frequency of response Provide specific senarios as question |
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Which response bias is there no clear solution for? |
Deprivation effect |
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2 possible experimental manipulations |
Within group Between groups |
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Pros of between grouo |
Ensures participants are statistically equal b4 study Atteibute any diff in dv between goups to diff in iv |
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Difference in themes in mainstream grad speeches and black grad speeches |
Black grad= more interdependant themes Mainstream= more independent themes |
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Cultural neurospych. Evidence gor cult. Diff. Effects |
Asian show higher activation to dominance displays while americans to sub ordinance displays |
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2 methods unique to cult. Psych |
Situation sampling and cult. Priming |
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Situation sampling allows analysis of |
Cultural diff. In how ps resond to same situations Cultural diff. In types of experiences ppl have |
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In american situations where they changed their initial preference because of another input who usually benefited. Idians? |
Americans= influencer Indians= influencee |
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Did american or indian situations get veiwed as having more positive outcomes |
Indian |
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Cultural priming |
Inducing cultural ways of thinking in ps not enculturated by that grp |
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When trying to study cultures via their cuktural message the use of _____ to categorize these messages is often needed |
Multiple Coders |
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Best method for cross cultural study |
Many methods |
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What does the 20 statments test tell us about the cult. Differences in how cuktures describe themselves. |
Depending on cult. May use more personal trait descriptors or rolea and memberships |
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How did responses to 20 statment test vary between nairobi undergrads and workers? |
Undergrads= more personal traits. Workers= more roles and meberships |
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Us olympic coverage focused on_____while japenese on ____ |
1. Athletes strengths, individual style or game. Competitors preformance 2. Advice from coaches teammates and family. Desire to meet expectations of fans and nation. Physical injury and stress |
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Models of self. 2 kinds? |
Communities ideas about being a person and the social practices and situations and institutions that represent these ideas. Idependent and interdependent |
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Independent models of self |
Person is fundamentally separate from others. Actions guided by personal preference. Priority to personal over group goals. Stands out. Is unique. Expresses self. Values feelibg good about swlf and high arousal |
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Interdependent model of self |
Self fundamentally connected to others. Actions guided by social norms and values. Values low arousal, self reflection and criticism and calm. Fits in. Group goals put before individuals. Maintain group harmony at cost of own desires. |
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In an Independent view of self the in group is _____ while the individual is ____ |
Permeable. Rigid and distinct |
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In an interdependent veiw of self the in group is _____ while the individual is ____ |
Not easily permeated. Overlaps with others. Shares traits. |
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When describing themselves japanese student mention more _____ while americans more ____ |
Relation to others. Self descriptive statements |
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How do interdepentdrnt and indepent upbringings effect motivation in american and asian american students |
Asian students- attempted more anagrams after neg feedback when told to describe mom. American- attempted more anagrams when described self |
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How did interdependent and independent pressure affect AA students |
Attempted more anagrams after interdependent pressure method |
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Individualistic cultures tend to emphasize ____ aspects of self while collectivist cultures emphasize _____ aspects of self |
Independent. Interdependent. |
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Regional variation of individualism and collectivism |
Most individ- Hawaii utah and confederate states Most collect- west mountain region. Northeast and midwest. Great plains |
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Factors that can affect degree of personal individualism and collectivism? |
Socioeconomic status |
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Ppl in higher ses tend to take a more ____ veiw |
Individualistic. Independent |
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Middle class parents tend to emphasize_____ while working class emphasize ______ |
Following own direction. Listening to authority figures |
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Ppl in working class contexts (<4yr degree) compared to middle class (4yr degree) had |
Lower incomes. More family time. Less geographic mobility. Diff. Parenting styles. Jobs with limited autonomy |
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Magazines that targeted university grads had more themes of _____ while those targeting highschool grads had more themes of _____ |
Grads- productivity. Attractiveness. Afluence. Choice. Hs- eat/drink. Family. Ilness avoidance. Feeling good. |
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Diff. In self descriptions of college aducated ppl and hs educated |
College= focus on self. Personal attributes Hs= focus on how they interact with others |
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1st gen vs. Continuing gen undergrads |
1st gen= lower grades and higher drop out rates. Less satisfaction with college e environment. Fewer relationships with peers and profs. Less feeling of belonging |
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Two cultural models of self |
Independent models and interdependent models |
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How did independent and interdependent university messages affect anagram preformance in 1st gen and cont. Students? |
Cont. Did better with independent msg 1st gen did better with interdependent msg. |
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Problem with independent focus of college |
1st gen. Students tend to have more i terdependent motives |
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Caution with individualism and collectivism |
Not a dichotomy. People have degrees of both. Can depend on situation. |
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Gender essentialism |
The idea that one gender is reflective of an underlying unchanging nature |
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Which gender is more likely to be essentialized in a culture? |
The one to which more power is associated |
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In the kunar mina brain switch task idian responses were evidence that they tend to _____ |
Essentialize femininity more |
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Self consitency. Japanese v. Us. 20 statements test. |
Japanese showed variation in ratio of positive to neg. Statement s depending on context Us. Remained consistent |
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Cog. Dissonance arises from a desire to |
Maintain self consistency |
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Cognitive dissonance |
Tendency to rationalize a decision to reduce feelings of distress |
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When is dissonance most salient |
When making a choice between two equally desirable options |
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When do east asian ppl tend to show more cognitive dissonance |
When making a choice for someone else. Ie cd experiment. Dissonance when asked to guess how other students wohld rate cds |
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In the marketing experiment which condition affected polish ppl more? Us ppl? |
Polish- peer consistency Us- self consistency |
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Is self consistency a good thing? |
Depends on values of culture |
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2 types of self awareness |
Subjective- take on 1st person perspective. Attention to world outside Objective- 3rd person. Attention inward |
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What types of self awareness correlates with which models of self |
Independent model= subjective sa Interdependent = objective self |
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2 implicit theories of self |
Incremental- can change ability with hard work Entity- abilities are fixed |
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How do implicit theories of self affect. Motivation after failure? |
Incremental= try harder Entity= blame lack of ability |
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Entity theories are common in people with a _____ self model |
Independent |
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Five underlying personality factors of neo-pi-r |
Openess Concientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Problem with neo pi r |
Created using english words therefore lack ability to capture culturally specific personality traits |
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Factors from other cultures after critique of neo pi r |
China - interpersonal relatedness Philippines- tempermentalness and neg. Valence South africa- integrity and relationship harmony |
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How does dr. Whiten describe culture |
All we learn from others socially that endure to create socially transmitted traditions |
