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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 stages of behavioral change?
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1) pre-contemplation stage
2) contemplation stage 3) preparation stage 4) action stage 5) maintenance stage 6) termination |
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When a person is in the pre-contemplation stage of changing a behavior, what would they think about doing?
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They would not think that the behavior is a problem.
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In the ____ stage, a person know that a problem exists in their behavior, but have not committed to action yet.
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contemplation stage
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When a person intends to change a behavior and has taken preliminary steps to change a behavior, they are in the ____ stage.
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preparation stage
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What happens when a person is in the action stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change?
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the person has taken action and is actually modifying their lifestyle
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When a person continues active change in their lifestyle and is taking steps towards relapse prevention, and are continuing the behavior for at least 6 months, they are in the _____ stage.
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maintenance
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Termination is :
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when a habit or behavior has been extinguished or changed
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Benefits of exercise include?
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IOCRAA
-Increased endurance - Optimal body weight - Controls hypertension, cholesterol, stress effects - Reduces poor health habits - Associate with longevity - associated with increased well being |
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T/F
Physical and psychological stress differ in their hormone output and affect the body differently. |
true
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One reason why psychological stress is more harmful is that is has a ______ release of adrenaline that is harmful for the body.
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chronic, long term
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_______ stress hormones are worked out with fight or flight.
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physical stress
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Prolonged psychological stress is associated with activation of the ____ system and overall higher ____ levels in the body which may be unhealthy.
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HPA, corticol
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What are some benefits of exercise as coping?
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decreases impacts of stress, increases immune system, killer cell activity, and endorphins
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What are the determinants of regular exercise in a person? What is the BEST predictor?
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attitudes toward exercising, gender (males -- more likely to exercise), physical factors (overweight - less likely), setting (more convenient, etc).
Best predictor: REGULAR EXERCISE LOL |
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Intervention strategies to increase regular exercise include:
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CReTraM
Cognitive behavioral (individually tailored approach) Relapse prevention Transtheoretical model (being aware of stage) Macro Intervention ie business encouraging employees |
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A breast self exam is an example of a _______ _____________
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cancer related health behavior
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What are factors that predicts the likelihood of doing a BSE?
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if there is a concern for health, is BSE is believed to be useful, no perceived barriers to BSE
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not knowing how, fear of finding something, and not knowing when to do a BSE are examples of ____
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deterrents
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What are some reasons that women avoid a mammography?
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fear of radiation, pain/anxiety, time and cost, controversy, etc
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T/F
Lung cancer is the most common cancer found in males aged 15 - 35 |
false, it is testicular cancer
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what predicts TSE in men?
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- belief that others are doing it
- belief that TSE will reduce risk of cancer |
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There has been a___ fold increase in skin cancer rates
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4
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t/f
when taught about short term and long tern effects of tanning, the group taught the long term effects were less likely to tan |
false. it was more effective in the short term informed group
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What is nutrition?
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eating the right foods in the right balance
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What are two hormones that regulate short term signals of eating?
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gherelin, cholecystokinin
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ghrelin
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signals to START eating when tummy is empty, secreted by stomach
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cholescystokinin
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signals to stop eating when food is leaving digestive tract
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PYY
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suppresses appetite between meals, medium term
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leptin
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released by fat cells, increases metabolism and decreases appetite
long term signal |
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insulin
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regulates glucose level, transfers of glucose in the cell. long term signal
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Predicted rate of obesity in 2015?
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75%
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how does one define obese?
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using BMI or body weight x height in inches, divide by height
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BMI > 25
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overweight
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BMI > 30
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obese
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BMI > 40
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morbidly obese
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BMI < 18
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underweight
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Risk factors of obesity?
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high cholesterol, hypertension, gall bladder problems, diabetes, plaque in arteries, arthritis, premature death
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t/f
fat in the thigh area poses the greatest health risk |
false, centripital fat, in the center, poses the greatest risk to health
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____________
can lead to more centripital fat, decrease in metabolic rate, weight gain, and decreased immune system |
yo yo dieting
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how many fat cells does the average person have? a severely obese person?
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25-30 billion, 200 billion
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Factors associated with obesity...
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- more fat cells
family history feeding styles as infants (vigorous) lifestyle factors |
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The _____ theory proposes that losing weight causes metabolism to slow down
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set point aka range theory
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2 types of anorexia
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- restrictive (not eating, overexercise)
- binging and purging |
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what are some characteristics of an anorexic person?
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need for control
perfectionism depression low self esteem food obsession enmeshed families |
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binging and purging can be known as _____
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bulimia
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out of control
depression low self esteem having a family that stresses thinness are characteristics of what? |
bulimic patient
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t/f
being of normal or overweight is a distinguishing characteristic of bulimia |
true
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in society, the ideal weight as __ over time, while normal weights have ____.
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decreased
increased |
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addiction involves both ____ and ___ dependence
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physical, psychological
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3 stages of physical dependence
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tolerance
craving withdrawal |
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what is a compensatory response?
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when the body compensates for the presence of the substance by initiating equal and opposite response to get back to homeostasis
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psychological dependence is...........
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continued craving for a substance in spite of negative consequences
AND use of substance as a coping mechanism |
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problem drinking is ____ dependence.
alcoholism is ___ and ___ dependence. |
psychological
physical and psychological |
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what are perseverative behaviors?
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behaviors that are continued in spite of punishment, are resistant to extinction
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BAS
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behavioral activation system, seeing a reward --> activate
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BIS
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behavioral inhibition response
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alcohol problems and eating disorders may be from...
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impulse control problem related to more perseveration and an over sensitive BAS system
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t/f
alcohol is a non-selective CNS stimulant |
false, it is a non-selective CNS depressant
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alcohol affects the neurons is the _____
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reticular activation system
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how does alcohol suppress the immune system?
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interaction - people who drink expose themselves to more carcinogens
direct -- still a strong relationship even when controlling for carcinogen exposure. is baaad |
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What is the disease model? Which organization uses it?
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alcoholism is a disease and should be treated as such - complete abstinence is required
alcoholics anonymous |
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Learned behavior model:
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you can drink in moderation, without negative consequences. can be used by young people. Seen as most effective, esp. in young people.
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What are some factors in adolescent smoking?
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- usually initiated by peer influence
- low SES, self esteem delinquency, promiscuity, external locus of control |
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what are the three addiction theories in cigarette smoking?
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- nicotine fixed effect theory
- nicotine regulation theory - multiple regulations model |
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nicotine fixed effect theory
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nicotine stimulates reward centers in the CNS, INCREASES dopamine
stimulating in lower doses relaxing at lower doses |
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nicotine regulation theory
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smoker regulates own usage of nicotine, titrates own doses
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Premise of the ___ ___ ___ is that nicotine becomes conditioned to environmental cues and different emotional states
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multiple regulation model
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treatments for quitting smoking?
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nicotine replacement theory
aversion therapy operant conditioning (smoke when buzzer buzzes) multimodal intervention - cognitive techniques |
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having alternative ways of coping with anxiety and having a good social support network are predictors of coping with quitting smoking in the _____
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short term
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what are characteristics of people who quit smoking by themselves?
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good self control
strong self efficacy about quitting beliefs quitting is important good social support network were light smokers |
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long term predictor for quitting smoking
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person remains vigilant about not smoking
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