• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/171

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

171 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are some brain regions associated with emotional and physical pain?

Insula, ACC, Thalamus, secondary somatosensory cortex

What are emotions?

Cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings

What are the 7 emotions common amongst all religions?

Joy, sad, anger, jelousy, embarresment, disgust, fear

what is sensory deprivation?

Deliberately reducing or removal of stimuli like blindfolds blocking light

What will our body do if we are deprived of some sensory stimuli for too long?

It will begin to look for it!

During sensory deprivation can hallucinations occur?

yes

What do chemosignals play an important role in?

Motivated and emotional behavior

What are some motivated and emotional behaviors related to chemosignals?

- Identify group members


- mark territories


- identify fav and forbidden foods


- form associations among odour, tastes and emotional events

marking territories and identifying group members plays a fundamental role in the biology of emotional and motivated behaviour




T F

F odour and taste play a fundamental role

what interacts with the cilia in the olfactory system?

Chemicals dissolve in the mucosa to interact with the cilia

Approx how many kinds of receptors does the olfactory system contain?

400

T F




Summed activity or pattern of activity produces our perception of a particular odour?

T

Where does the olfactory receptor cells project to?

The olfactory bulb

Which olfactory targets dont have a connection to the thalamus?

The amygdala and the pyriform cortex

Where does thalamic connection project to?

OFC(orbitofrontal cortex)


- emotional, social and eating behaviors

What are pheromones?

Biochems released by animals that act as chemosignals to affect physiology or behavior of another animal

What is the name of the olfactory receptor system that detects pheromones?

Vomeronasal organ

What is the Vomeronasal organ connected to?

The amygdala and the hypothalamus

Humans have sensitivity to what kinds of smells?

Behaviourally relevant ones


- can smell their own odour, odour of kin versus others, freinds versus strangers with accuracy

What do body odours activate?

brain regions in emotional regulation

What brain regions does a strangers odour activate?

Amygdala, insular cortex

are adults or children more responsive to taste then adults?

Children

By age 20 approx what percent of taste receptors have been lost?

50%

What are the 5 taste buds?

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami (sensitive to glutamate )

What do gustatory stimuli interact with?

Receptor tips or microvilli

Which cranial nerves form the main gustatory nerve(the solitary tract)?

cranial nerves 7, 9, 10

Which brain region has a gustatory region dedicated to taste?

The insula

Which brain is responsive to tactile information(localizing tastes and textures on the tongue)?

Primary Somatosensory region

A mixture of what senses gives rise to the perception of flavour?

Olfactory and gustatory


- gustatory nerve to orbital cortex

Areas in the right orbital cortex mediate?

Pleasentness

But the same area in the left hemisphere mediates?

Unpleasentness

What does the insula do in relation to gustation?

It identifies nature and intensity of flavours

What do gustatory projections to the amygdala and hypothalamus play a role in?

Pleasantness and strength of flavours

What is innate releasing mechanism?

Mechanism that detects specific sensory stimuli and directs an organism to take a particular action

Can Innate releasing mechanism(IRM) be modified?

Yes with experience

What is evolutionary psych?

Seeks to apply principles of natural selection to reveal causes of human behaviour

What is a reinforcer?

Any event that follows a behavior that strengthens that behavior

How can we use the idea of reinforcers to figure out phobias?

Look at which reinforcers may have been applied with a certain behaviors

Why is free will an illusion?

Behaviour controlled by environment through experience, behavior is not controlled by an organism

What is learned taste aversion?

Acquired association btw specific taste, odour and illness
- leading to aversion to foods that taste or smell similar

What is preparedness?

predisposition to respond to stimuli differently than to other stimuli


- brain becomes prewired to make certain associations but not others

What is an example from class related to prepardness?

Bright noisy water vs coloured flavoured water




PG 10 lecture 14

When studying causes of behavior what must we be careful of?

Be careful not to infer purpose from an organisms actions
- do not assume behaviour is intentional

What are critical brain regions to motivated and emotional behavior?

- Hypothalamus- associaed pituitary gland


- limbic system and frontal lobes


- both project to the hypothalamus

What is homeostatic mechanism?

Process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow fixed range

Inputs from the frontal lobes and limbic system funnel through the?

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus sends signals where to produce motivated behaviors?

The brainstem circuits

Does all behavior get controlled by the hypothalamus?

No it is just the primary motivated behaviors that involve the hypothalamus

what is regulatory behavior?

Behavior motivated to meet survival needs of the animal

what are some examples of regulatory behavior?

- internal body temp


- eating/drinking


- salt consumption


- waste elimination

What are nonregulatory behaviors?

Behavior not needed to meet basic survival needs

What region is more so responsible for nonregulatory behaviors?

The frontal lobes more then the hypothalamus

Are nonregulatory behaviors influenced by external or internal stimuli?

External

Are regulatory or non regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostatic mechanisms?

Regulatory

What 2 system does the hypothalamus act on in order to maintain homeostasis?

endocrine and ANS

What some examples of non-regulatory behavior?

- Sex


- parential behavior


- aggression


- food preference


- curiosity


- reading

what brain selects the the behaviors that the hypothalamus influences?

The limbic system

what is the principal function of the hypothalamic circuit?

Hormone secretion controlled by the pituitary gland

What is the pituitary gland known to be associated with?

Biological rhythm

What are the 3 regions to the hypothalamus?

Lateral, medial and paraventricular region

What hormone is contained in the paraventricular region?

Oxytocin- bonding hormone

What do the nerve tracts of the lateral region connect?

the lower brainstem to the forebrain

What connects the structures in the brainstem with various parts of the limbic system?

The medial forebrain bundle

Where does the MFB form activating projections from and to?

From the brainstem to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex

What is so important about the MFB?

It is a primary pathway for fibres connecting various parts of the limbic system with the brainstem

What does the anterior pituitary do?

Synthesizes hormones

What are releasing hormones?

Peptides released by hypo to increase or decrease release of hormones from ant pituitary

What is the pathway of hormone secretion?

Hypo makes peptide --> transported down axons to terminals in post pit. --> capillaries in post pit pick up peptides --> peptides enter bloodstream, which carries them to distant targets

In what way does the hypo control the anterior pit?

Controls release of hormones by producing releasing hormones

What 3 process are involved in controlling hypothalamic hormone related activity?

- feedback loops


- neural regulation


- experiential responses



What does the feedback loop do?

Controls the amount of hormone released

What is neural regulation?

Other brain regions influencing hormone release

What is experiential responses?

experience can alter structure and function of hypothalamic neurons

what brain regions r in the limbic system?

Cingulate gyrus




Hippocampus




Parahippocampal cortex




amygdala

What does the hippocampus do?

Species-specific behaviors


Memory


Spatial navigation


- Vulnerable to the effects of stress

What is the papez circuit?

Was proposed to control emotional expression

What does the amygdala do?

Important role in species specific behaviors


Receives input from all sensory systems

What does it mean when we say many neurons in the amygdala r multimodal?

They respond to more than one sensory modality

Where does the amygdala send projections primarily to?

Hypo and brainstem

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

- Selecting behaviors appropriate to time and place


- Adapting behavior appropriately to environmental context



what type of input influences how the prefrontal neurons react to stimuli, specifically emotionally arousing stimuli?

Dopaminergic input

What time of disorder is associated with abnormalities in dopaminergic projection?

Schizo

Axons in the prefrontal cortex provide routes that effect the ANS and ENS, What types of functions does this effect?

Control changes in blood pressure, respiration, internal processes

Frontal lobes are described as?

Housing the brain executive functions

What are the 3 components of emotion?

Autonomic response- hypo




Subjective feelings- amygdala and parts of frontal lobe




Cognitions- cerebral cortex

What is the james lange theory?

Physiological changes occur then brain interprets these as an emotion

What is Kluver-bucy syndrome?

Involves removal of amygdala

What are the symptoms of kluver-bucy syndrome?

- Tameness and loss of fear


- indiscriminate dietary behavior


- increased sexual activity with inappropriate object choice


- tendency to react to every visual stimulus


- tendency to examine all object by mouth


- visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects)

does visual or olfactory information connect directly to the amygdala?

Olfactory

Damage to what brain region has severe effects on social and emotional behavior?

Prefrontal cortex


- inability to plan and organize leads to poor decision making

What can damage to the orbitofrontal area cause?

Severe personality change characterized by apathy and loss of initiative drive

How is major depression characterized?

Prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, disruption of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, general slowing of behavior and frequent thoughts of suicide


- genetic componen

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

high levels of anxiety followed by maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety

What is anxiety thought to be caused by?

Chronic stress

What is the most common treatment for emotional disorders?

Benzodiazepines- augemnt GABAs inhibitory effect

What system is digestion controlled by?

The enteric nervous system- detector cells keep track of the level of each nutrient in the blood stream

What are the 3 types of energy reserves?

Lipids(fats)


Aminos


Glucose

What is the primary fuel and the only energy source for the brain?

Glucose

How does the liver help the brain with getting enough glucose?

Even when digestive tract empty, liver acts as short term reservoir of glycogen

What happens when food reaches the intestine?

Interacts with receptors that triggers the release of at least 10 peptide hormones

What is aphagia?

Failure to eat - unwillingness or motor difficulties(with swallowing)

Lesion to what brain are can cause aphagia?

Lesion to the lateral hypothalamus

Hyperphagia?

overeating- lesion to ventromedial hypothalamus

What else can happen after damage to the lateral hypo, ventromedial hypo or paraventricular nucleus?

- Changes in hormone levels


- sensory reactivity


- glucose and lipid levels in blood


- metabolic rate

hypothalamus recieves input from?

- ENS- glucose levels


- Hormone systems


- cognitive functioning from brain

what is the effect on eating when the amygdala is damaged?

Alters food preference and abolishes taste aversion learning

What would damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex effect?

Decreased eating bc diminsed responses to smell and taste

What is osmotic thirst?

Deviations from ideal solute concentration and so we drink water to replenish it

What is hypovolemic thirst?

When total volume body fluids declines


- motivates us to drink flavoured beverages other then water


- stimulated by kidneys

Is sexual behavior regulatory or non regulatory?

Non regulatory

What do gonadal hormones do?

Produce enzymes necessary for epigenetic changes such as gene methylation

What what estrogen mythylation in the preoptic area of females do?

Suppression of male characteristics

What can increased levels of environmental compounds do?

Interfere with hormone activity resulting in multigenerational epigenetic effects

What does estradiol do?

Masculinizes male brain

What does aromatase do?

Converts testosterone to estradiol

Are low or high levels of estrogen associated with sexual receptivity?

High

What else is associated with high estrogen but in rats?

More dendritic spines on neurons in the hippocampus

In females what does the ventromedial hypothalamus control?

Female mating posture (lordosis)

What does the preoptic area of the medial hypothalamus control?

Copulatory behavior but not sexual motivation in males

What is the amygdalas role in sexual behavior?

Controls sexual motivation in men and possibly females

What is sexual orientation?

Persons sexual attraction

Sexual identity?

Person feeling of either male or female

Are hypothalamic nuclei bigger in males or females?

2-3 times larger in males

What do sex differences in the hypothalamus result from?

Differences in gene methylation

What evidence shows that there may be a 3rd sex (homosexuals)?

The hypothalamus of homosexual males differs from those of men and women

What biological factors influence transgender identity?

- Chromosomal abnormalities


- Polymorphism of the genes for the estrogen and androgen receptors


- Abnormal gonadal hormone levels


- Prenatal exposure to certain anticonvulsants


- Immune system activity directed toward the Y chromosome

What can damage to the frontal lobe cause in regards to sexual behavior?

Loss of inhibition about sexual behavior or loss of sexual interest

when animals engage in a behaviour that is rewarding like feeding or sexual activity which area of the brain increases?

Dopamine areas- nucleus accumbens

What are the 2 independent processes of reward?

Wanting (incentive)




Liking (Evaluation of pleasure)




usually occur together

What does music allow us to do?

Organize and interact socially

What types of parents r better?

Ones that communicate their intentions to one another and their children

Why are ferry horns and what not low pitch/freq?

Because low pitch sound can travel through and around objects like air molecules and what not but high pitch sounds cant they just reflect of objects

Pronlonged exposure to how many decibals can cause damage to hearing?

100 Decibals

What are pure tones?

Sounds with a single frequency

Complex tones?

Sounds with a mix of freqs

Amplitude is the same as?

Loudness and the height of the wave

What does our auditory system convert the physical properties of sound wave energy to?

Electrochemical neural activity that travels to the brain

What does the left temporal lobe analyze?

Speech for meaning



What does the right temporal lobe analyze?

Musical sounds for meaning

Music allows us to?

Regulate our emotions and affect the emotions of others

What is perceived as a buzz to humans?

Nonspeech and nonmusical noise at a rate of 5 segments per second

What is the normal speed of speech?

8-10 segments per second, and we are capable of understanding upto 30 segments per second

What is categorical perception?

categorizing sounds as the same despite small differences in pronunciation

What is the pinna in the outer ear?

funnel like structure to catch sound waves in environment and deflect them into ear canal

External ear canal?

Aomplifies sound waves and directs them to eardrum, vibrates in accordance with freq of sound wave

What is the middle ear?

Air filled chamber that comprises the ossicles

What does the ossicles connect?

The eardrum to the oval window of the cochlea, located in the inner ear

What is the cochlea?

Fluid filled inner ear containing auditory receptor cells

basilar membrane?

in cochlea that transduces sound waves to neural activity

tectorial membrane?

Membrane overlying hair cells

Do slow or fast wave frequencies cause maximum displace at the bass of the membrane?

Fast and vice versa for slow

Where does transduction of sound waves to neural activity take place?

Hair cells

Can inner hair cells regenerate?

No- once they dead hearing loss is permanent

How does movement of cilia effect the synaptic transmission of auditory nerve?

Movement of cilia toward the tallest cilia deporlizes the cell stimulating cells that form the auditory nerve (nerve impulses increase)

Which hemisphere is analysis of speech and which one is anaylsis of music on?

Left hemi for speech




right hemi for music

What type of freq displaces hair cilia at the apex?

Low pitched sounds (low freq)

What does tonotopic theory not explain?

How sounds below 200Hz are coded `

What is proportional to freq?

rate of firing- speed- fast = high pitch

What is interaural time difference?

Difference in sound waves arrival time at each ear

What is interaural intensity difference?

relative loudness on each ear

What does the ventral cortical pathway for audition do?

decodes spectrally complex sounds, including meaning of speech sounds for people




- auditory object recognition

What does the dorsal pathway do?

Integrates auditory and somatosensory info to control speech production




- audition for action

What is Broca's area responsible for?

speech are that produces movements needed for speech




- anterior area of left hemi

What is wernickes area responsible for?

Language comprehension in left temporal lobe more posterior

What is brocas aphasia?

Inability to speak fluently but comprehension is normal

What part of the brain is activated by passively listening to noise bursts?

Primary auditory cortex

What are does listening to words activate?

Posterior speech area including wernickes

How has music been used in therapy?

For depression and even for motor disorders like stroke and parkinsons


- listening to rhythm activates motor and premotor cortex and can improve gait and arm training after stroke

What are high androgen levels associated with?

frequency of copulation

What is the receptor surface for olfaction?

Olfactory bulb

What is the olfactory pathway?

Olfactory cells - olfactory bulb - glomeruli - mitral cells