Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some brain regions associated with emotional and physical pain? |
Insula, ACC, Thalamus, secondary somatosensory cortex |
|
What are emotions? |
Cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings |
|
What are the 7 emotions common amongst all religions? |
Joy, sad, anger, jelousy, embarresment, disgust, fear |
|
what is sensory deprivation? |
Deliberately reducing or removal of stimuli like blindfolds blocking light |
|
What will our body do if we are deprived of some sensory stimuli for too long? |
It will begin to look for it! |
|
During sensory deprivation can hallucinations occur?
|
yes |
|
What do chemosignals play an important role in? |
Motivated and emotional behavior |
|
What are some motivated and emotional behaviors related to chemosignals? |
- Identify group members - mark territories - identify fav and forbidden foods - form associations among odour, tastes and emotional events |
|
marking territories and identifying group members plays a fundamental role in the biology of emotional and motivated behaviour T F |
F odour and taste play a fundamental role |
|
what interacts with the cilia in the olfactory system? |
Chemicals dissolve in the mucosa to interact with the cilia |
|
Approx how many kinds of receptors does the olfactory system contain? |
400 |
|
T F Summed activity or pattern of activity produces our perception of a particular odour? |
T |
|
Where does the olfactory receptor cells project to? |
The olfactory bulb |
|
Which olfactory targets dont have a connection to the thalamus? |
The amygdala and the pyriform cortex |
|
Where does thalamic connection project to? |
OFC(orbitofrontal cortex) - emotional, social and eating behaviors |
|
What are pheromones? |
Biochems released by animals that act as chemosignals to affect physiology or behavior of another animal |
|
What is the name of the olfactory receptor system that detects pheromones? |
Vomeronasal organ |
|
What is the Vomeronasal organ connected to? |
The amygdala and the hypothalamus |
|
Humans have sensitivity to what kinds of smells? |
Behaviourally relevant ones - can smell their own odour, odour of kin versus others, freinds versus strangers with accuracy |
|
What do body odours activate? |
brain regions in emotional regulation |
|
What brain regions does a strangers odour activate? |
Amygdala, insular cortex |
|
are adults or children more responsive to taste then adults? |
Children |
|
By age 20 approx what percent of taste receptors have been lost? |
50% |
|
What are the 5 taste buds? |
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami (sensitive to glutamate ) |
|
What do gustatory stimuli interact with? |
Receptor tips or microvilli |
|
Which cranial nerves form the main gustatory nerve(the solitary tract)? |
cranial nerves 7, 9, 10 |
|
Which brain region has a gustatory region dedicated to taste? |
The insula |
|
Which brain is responsive to tactile information(localizing tastes and textures on the tongue)?
|
Primary Somatosensory region |
|
A mixture of what senses gives rise to the perception of flavour? |
Olfactory and gustatory - gustatory nerve to orbital cortex |
|
Areas in the right orbital cortex mediate? |
Pleasentness |
|
But the same area in the left hemisphere mediates? |
Unpleasentness |
|
What does the insula do in relation to gustation? |
It identifies nature and intensity of flavours |
|
What do gustatory projections to the amygdala and hypothalamus play a role in? |
Pleasantness and strength of flavours |
|
What is innate releasing mechanism? |
Mechanism that detects specific sensory stimuli and directs an organism to take a particular action |
|
Can Innate releasing mechanism(IRM) be modified? |
Yes with experience |
|
What is evolutionary psych? |
Seeks to apply principles of natural selection to reveal causes of human behaviour |
|
What is a reinforcer? |
Any event that follows a behavior that strengthens that behavior |
|
How can we use the idea of reinforcers to figure out phobias? |
Look at which reinforcers may have been applied with a certain behaviors |
|
Why is free will an illusion? |
Behaviour controlled by environment through experience, behavior is not controlled by an organism |
|
What is learned taste aversion? |
Acquired association btw specific taste, odour and illness |
|
What is preparedness? |
predisposition to respond to stimuli differently than to other stimuli - brain becomes prewired to make certain associations but not others |
|
What is an example from class related to prepardness? |
Bright noisy water vs coloured flavoured water PG 10 lecture 14 |
|
When studying causes of behavior what must we be careful of? |
Be careful not to infer purpose from an organisms actions |
|
What are critical brain regions to motivated and emotional behavior? |
- Hypothalamus- associaed pituitary gland - limbic system and frontal lobes - both project to the hypothalamus |
|
What is homeostatic mechanism? |
Process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow fixed range |
|
Inputs from the frontal lobes and limbic system funnel through the? |
Hypothalamus |
|
The hypothalamus sends signals where to produce motivated behaviors? |
The brainstem circuits |
|
Does all behavior get controlled by the hypothalamus? |
No it is just the primary motivated behaviors that involve the hypothalamus |
|
what is regulatory behavior? |
Behavior motivated to meet survival needs of the animal |
|
what are some examples of regulatory behavior? |
- internal body temp - eating/drinking - salt consumption - waste elimination |
|
What are nonregulatory behaviors? |
Behavior not needed to meet basic survival needs |
|
What region is more so responsible for nonregulatory behaviors? |
The frontal lobes more then the hypothalamus |
|
Are nonregulatory behaviors influenced by external or internal stimuli? |
External |
|
Are regulatory or non regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostatic mechanisms? |
Regulatory |
|
What 2 system does the hypothalamus act on in order to maintain homeostasis? |
endocrine and ANS |
|
What some examples of non-regulatory behavior? |
- Sex - parential behavior - aggression - food preference - curiosity - reading |
|
what brain selects the the behaviors that the hypothalamus influences? |
The limbic system |
|
what is the principal function of the hypothalamic circuit? |
Hormone secretion controlled by the pituitary gland |
|
What is the pituitary gland known to be associated with? |
Biological rhythm |
|
What are the 3 regions to the hypothalamus? |
Lateral, medial and paraventricular region |
|
What hormone is contained in the paraventricular region? |
Oxytocin- bonding hormone |
|
What do the nerve tracts of the lateral region connect? |
the lower brainstem to the forebrain |
|
What connects the structures in the brainstem with various parts of the limbic system? |
The medial forebrain bundle |
|
Where does the MFB form activating projections from and to? |
From the brainstem to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex |
|
What is so important about the MFB? |
It is a primary pathway for fibres connecting various parts of the limbic system with the brainstem |
|
What does the anterior pituitary do? |
Synthesizes hormones |
|
What are releasing hormones? |
Peptides released by hypo to increase or decrease release of hormones from ant pituitary |
|
What is the pathway of hormone secretion? |
Hypo makes peptide --> transported down axons to terminals in post pit. --> capillaries in post pit pick up peptides --> peptides enter bloodstream, which carries them to distant targets |
|
In what way does the hypo control the anterior pit? |
Controls release of hormones by producing releasing hormones |
|
What 3 process are involved in controlling hypothalamic hormone related activity? |
- feedback loops - neural regulation - experiential responses |
|
What does the feedback loop do? |
Controls the amount of hormone released |
|
What is neural regulation? |
Other brain regions influencing hormone release |
|
What is experiential responses? |
experience can alter structure and function of hypothalamic neurons |
|
what brain regions r in the limbic system? |
Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Parahippocampal cortex amygdala |
|
What does the hippocampus do? |
Species-specific behaviors Memory Spatial navigation - Vulnerable to the effects of stress |
|
What is the papez circuit? |
Was proposed to control emotional expression |
|
What does the amygdala do? |
Important role in species specific behaviors Receives input from all sensory systems |
|
What does it mean when we say many neurons in the amygdala r multimodal? |
They respond to more than one sensory modality |
|
Where does the amygdala send projections primarily to? |
Hypo and brainstem |
|
What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex? |
- Selecting behaviors appropriate to time and place - Adapting behavior appropriately to environmental context |
|
what type of input influences how the prefrontal neurons react to stimuli, specifically emotionally arousing stimuli?
|
Dopaminergic input |
|
What time of disorder is associated with abnormalities in dopaminergic projection? |
Schizo |
|
Axons in the prefrontal cortex provide routes that effect the ANS and ENS, What types of functions does this effect? |
Control changes in blood pressure, respiration, internal processes |
|
Frontal lobes are described as? |
Housing the brain executive functions |
|
What are the 3 components of emotion? |
Autonomic response- hypo Subjective feelings- amygdala and parts of frontal lobe Cognitions- cerebral cortex |
|
What is the james lange theory? |
Physiological changes occur then brain interprets these as an emotion |
|
What is Kluver-bucy syndrome? |
Involves removal of amygdala |
|
What are the symptoms of kluver-bucy syndrome? |
- Tameness and loss of fear - indiscriminate dietary behavior - increased sexual activity with inappropriate object choice - tendency to react to every visual stimulus - tendency to examine all object by mouth - visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects) |
|
does visual or olfactory information connect directly to the amygdala? |
Olfactory |
|
Damage to what brain region has severe effects on social and emotional behavior? |
Prefrontal cortex - inability to plan and organize leads to poor decision making |
|
What can damage to the orbitofrontal area cause? |
Severe personality change characterized by apathy and loss of initiative drive |
|
How is major depression characterized? |
Prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, disruption of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, general slowing of behavior and frequent thoughts of suicide - genetic componen |
|
What is generalized anxiety disorder? |
high levels of anxiety followed by maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety |
|
What is anxiety thought to be caused by? |
Chronic stress |
|
What is the most common treatment for emotional disorders? |
Benzodiazepines- augemnt GABAs inhibitory effect |
|
What system is digestion controlled by? |
The enteric nervous system- detector cells keep track of the level of each nutrient in the blood stream |
|
What are the 3 types of energy reserves? |
Lipids(fats) Aminos Glucose |
|
What is the primary fuel and the only energy source for the brain? |
Glucose |
|
How does the liver help the brain with getting enough glucose? |
Even when digestive tract empty, liver acts as short term reservoir of glycogen |
|
What happens when food reaches the intestine?
|
Interacts with receptors that triggers the release of at least 10 peptide hormones |
|
What is aphagia? |
Failure to eat - unwillingness or motor difficulties(with swallowing) |
|
Lesion to what brain are can cause aphagia? |
Lesion to the lateral hypothalamus |
|
Hyperphagia? |
overeating- lesion to ventromedial hypothalamus |
|
What else can happen after damage to the lateral hypo, ventromedial hypo or paraventricular nucleus? |
- Changes in hormone levels - sensory reactivity - glucose and lipid levels in blood - metabolic rate |
|
hypothalamus recieves input from? |
- ENS- glucose levels - Hormone systems - cognitive functioning from brain |
|
what is the effect on eating when the amygdala is damaged? |
Alters food preference and abolishes taste aversion learning |
|
What would damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex effect? |
Decreased eating bc diminsed responses to smell and taste |
|
What is osmotic thirst? |
Deviations from ideal solute concentration and so we drink water to replenish it |
|
What is hypovolemic thirst? |
When total volume body fluids declines - motivates us to drink flavoured beverages other then water - stimulated by kidneys |
|
Is sexual behavior regulatory or non regulatory? |
Non regulatory |
|
What do gonadal hormones do? |
Produce enzymes necessary for epigenetic changes such as gene methylation |
|
What what estrogen mythylation in the preoptic area of females do? |
Suppression of male characteristics |
|
What can increased levels of environmental compounds do? |
Interfere with hormone activity resulting in multigenerational epigenetic effects |
|
What does estradiol do? |
Masculinizes male brain |
|
What does aromatase do? |
Converts testosterone to estradiol |
|
Are low or high levels of estrogen associated with sexual receptivity? |
High |
|
What else is associated with high estrogen but in rats? |
More dendritic spines on neurons in the hippocampus |
|
In females what does the ventromedial hypothalamus control? |
Female mating posture (lordosis) |
|
What does the preoptic area of the medial hypothalamus control? |
Copulatory behavior but not sexual motivation in males |
|
What is the amygdalas role in sexual behavior? |
Controls sexual motivation in men and possibly females |
|
What is sexual orientation? |
Persons sexual attraction |
|
Sexual identity? |
Person feeling of either male or female |
|
Are hypothalamic nuclei bigger in males or females? |
2-3 times larger in males |
|
What do sex differences in the hypothalamus result from? |
Differences in gene methylation |
|
What evidence shows that there may be a 3rd sex (homosexuals)? |
The hypothalamus of homosexual males differs from those of men and women |
|
What biological factors influence transgender identity? |
- Chromosomal abnormalities - Polymorphism of the genes for the estrogen and androgen receptors - Abnormal gonadal hormone levels - Prenatal exposure to certain anticonvulsants - Immune system activity directed toward the Y chromosome |
|
What can damage to the frontal lobe cause in regards to sexual behavior? |
Loss of inhibition about sexual behavior or loss of sexual interest |
|
when animals engage in a behaviour that is rewarding like feeding or sexual activity which area of the brain increases? |
Dopamine areas- nucleus accumbens |
|
What are the 2 independent processes of reward? |
Wanting (incentive) Liking (Evaluation of pleasure) usually occur together |
|
What does music allow us to do? |
Organize and interact socially |
|
What types of parents r better? |
Ones that communicate their intentions to one another and their children |
|
Why are ferry horns and what not low pitch/freq? |
Because low pitch sound can travel through and around objects like air molecules and what not but high pitch sounds cant they just reflect of objects |
|
Pronlonged exposure to how many decibals can cause damage to hearing? |
100 Decibals |
|
What are pure tones? |
Sounds with a single frequency |
|
Complex tones? |
Sounds with a mix of freqs |
|
Amplitude is the same as? |
Loudness and the height of the wave |
|
What does our auditory system convert the physical properties of sound wave energy to? |
Electrochemical neural activity that travels to the brain |
|
What does the left temporal lobe analyze? |
Speech for meaning |
|
What does the right temporal lobe analyze? |
Musical sounds for meaning |
|
Music allows us to? |
Regulate our emotions and affect the emotions of others |
|
What is perceived as a buzz to humans? |
Nonspeech and nonmusical noise at a rate of 5 segments per second |
|
What is the normal speed of speech? |
8-10 segments per second, and we are capable of understanding upto 30 segments per second |
|
What is categorical perception? |
categorizing sounds as the same despite small differences in pronunciation |
|
What is the pinna in the outer ear? |
funnel like structure to catch sound waves in environment and deflect them into ear canal |
|
External ear canal? |
Aomplifies sound waves and directs them to eardrum, vibrates in accordance with freq of sound wave |
|
What is the middle ear? |
Air filled chamber that comprises the ossicles |
|
What does the ossicles connect? |
The eardrum to the oval window of the cochlea, located in the inner ear |
|
What is the cochlea? |
Fluid filled inner ear containing auditory receptor cells |
|
basilar membrane? |
in cochlea that transduces sound waves to neural activity |
|
tectorial membrane? |
Membrane overlying hair cells |
|
Do slow or fast wave frequencies cause maximum displace at the bass of the membrane? |
Fast and vice versa for slow |
|
Where does transduction of sound waves to neural activity take place? |
Hair cells |
|
Can inner hair cells regenerate? |
No- once they dead hearing loss is permanent |
|
How does movement of cilia effect the synaptic transmission of auditory nerve? |
Movement of cilia toward the tallest cilia deporlizes the cell stimulating cells that form the auditory nerve (nerve impulses increase) |
|
Which hemisphere is analysis of speech and which one is anaylsis of music on? |
Left hemi for speech right hemi for music |
|
What type of freq displaces hair cilia at the apex? |
Low pitched sounds (low freq) |
|
What does tonotopic theory not explain? |
How sounds below 200Hz are coded ` |
|
What is proportional to freq? |
rate of firing- speed- fast = high pitch |
|
What is interaural time difference? |
Difference in sound waves arrival time at each ear |
|
What is interaural intensity difference? |
relative loudness on each ear |
|
What does the ventral cortical pathway for audition do? |
decodes spectrally complex sounds, including meaning of speech sounds for people - auditory object recognition |
|
What does the dorsal pathway do? |
Integrates auditory and somatosensory info to control speech production - audition for action |
|
What is Broca's area responsible for? |
speech are that produces movements needed for speech - anterior area of left hemi |
|
What is wernickes area responsible for? |
Language comprehension in left temporal lobe more posterior |
|
What is brocas aphasia? |
Inability to speak fluently but comprehension is normal |
|
What part of the brain is activated by passively listening to noise bursts? |
Primary auditory cortex |
|
What are does listening to words activate? |
Posterior speech area including wernickes |
|
How has music been used in therapy? |
For depression and even for motor disorders like stroke and parkinsons - listening to rhythm activates motor and premotor cortex and can improve gait and arm training after stroke |
|
What are high androgen levels associated with? |
frequency of copulation |
|
What is the receptor surface for olfaction? |
Olfactory bulb |
|
What is the olfactory pathway? |
Olfactory cells - olfactory bulb - glomeruli - mitral cells |