Psych 351 - Week 12 Lec 1

Front 1

what are peers:

Back 1

peers are individuals who are the same age

either friends or acquaintances

Front 2

when do peer relationships take on a very salient role

Back 2

in adolescence

Front 3

why?

Back 3

because peers spend more time in extracurricular activities and they are more autonomous

Front 4

what is the trend in the amount of time that teens spend with their family members from grade 5 to 12

Back 4

the time that they spend with their family membres decrease over time, but it is a slightly different pattern for each teen

(but out of the family members, mothers are always the ones that they spend the most time with)

Front 5

what are the different types of peer groups:

Back 5

dyads

cliques

crowds

Front 6

dyad

Back 6

group of two people

Front 7

cliques

Back 7

6 to 12 people

- based on friendship and shared activities

they are stereotypically seen as being exclusive

but only about half of teens are members of cliques,

and girls are more likely to be members of cliques than boys

Front 8

people of the same clique tend to share the same;

Back 8

race, SES, and at the begining of adolescence - gender

Front 9

what is a crowd:

Back 9

a larger group that is based on shared reputation or stereotyped image

there are dyads and cliques within crowds

Front 10

what is the function of crowds:

Back 10

provide useful information about the teen's status in the social hierarchie

also it facilitates teens of similar interests and social standing to interact with one another

Front 11

what are the two theories for why friends are very similar to each other:

Back 11

selection effect (people tend to befriend otheres that have similar interests as them)

socialization effect (when we interact with people in a close relationship, we tend to take on some of their mannerisms and characteristics

Front 12

peer relationships is associated to what positive outcomes:

Back 12

- allows them to practise developing skills for creating relationships outside of the family

- social support

- high quality relationships is associated with a decrease in anxiety and depression levels

Front 13

what is the bright side of the new form of communication on social media

Back 13

it develops prosocial behaviour of being nice to other people and giving them compliments

Front 14

what are the negative sides of this new form of communication

Back 14

some of the comments are ambiguous or rude, and there is stress from putting yourself out there

Front 15

what is one of the dark sides of teen relationships:

Back 15

co-rumination

(this is when two people think and talk about a negative event that happened to one of the two people)

Front 16

what is one benefit of corumination?

Back 16

it leads to increases in feelings of closeness and bonding in the social relationship

Front 17

what is one consequence of corumination?

Back 17

it leads to empathic distress

Front 18

what is empathic distress?

Back 18

it is when someone else's distress becomes your own

Front 19

co-rumination and empathic distress is associated with what?

Back 19

an increased llikelihood that someone will have internalization problems, such as anxiety and depressioon

Front 20

what is the gender ratio of empathic distress

Back 20

girls show more empathic distress than boys

this could be why they show more internalizing problems than boys

Front 21

why do girls show more empathic distress than boys

Back 21

because they engage in more verbal interactions, whereas boys engage in more physical play interactions

also because girls have good perspective taking skills

Front 22

what does the reading assigned for today show?

Back 22

it shows that mothers engage in co-rumination with their adolsecent children

so maybe corumination is socialized in the family, and then teens bring this form of communicating with others into their social relationships

Front 23

what are all of the negativ consequences that can result from peer relationships

Back 23

- empathic distress

- peer pressure

- reinforcing delinquent behaviour

Front 24

what is peer pressure

Back 24

the social pressure to conform to group ideas or behaviours

Front 25

who is more likely to drink alcohol

Back 25

males

and underage drinking is a risk factor for negative outcomes

Front 26

describe the results of the study taht looked at the effect of male traits on peer pressure to drink underage

Back 26

they found that in males, scoring higher on masculin traits was associated with an increased likelihood of succumbing to peer pressure to drink

but in females, the only masculin trait that was associated with an increased likelyhood to succumb to peer pressure to drink was risk taking

Front 27

what is deviancy

Back 27

problem behavior

Front 28

who studied deviancy in adolescents?

Back 28

Tom Desean

Front 29

what did he do?

Back 29

he tried to design a therapy to help deviant boys, it was a group therapy format

Front 30

what was the problem with this therapy?

Back 30

experiments showed that two deviant boys reinforced each other's deviant behaviours by positive comments and laughing when deviancy was brought up

but in dyads with non deviant boys, talk of deviancy was not rewarded socially

so his group therapy put deviant boys together and they ended up increasing eahch other's deviant behaviour because they psoitively reifnorced the idea of it when it was mentioned

Front 31

rule breaking talk was reinforced by laughter,

rule breaking talk did predict later deviant behavior

Back 31

true

Front 32

what does his failed therapy show

Back 32

that you need to combine research and practise

Front 33

what is the progression that gives rise to romantic relationships:

Back 33

same sex peer groups - lead to co-ed peer groups - lead to group dates - leads to romantic partners

Front 34

girls tend to end up with

Back 34

older boys

Front 35

boys tend to end up with

Back 35

girls that are the same age as them

Front 36

by the end of adolescence, most teens report that they were in a romantic relationship at some point

Back 36

true

Front 37

what are myths about adolescent romantic relationships:

Back 37

- they are fleeting and trivial

- they are relatively unimportant forms of relationship

- they are maladaptive

Front 38

show evidence that disproves:

they are fleeting and trivial

Back 38

research shows that most teen relationships actually last around 1 year, and their perceptions of their relationship is the same as adult perceptions of their romantic relationship

Front 39

they are relatively unimportant forms of relationship

Back 39

counter:

romantic relationships contribute to adolescent wellbeing

Front 40

they are maladpative

Back 40

counter:

actually positive aspects of teen romantic relationships have been documented

Front 41

the bright side:

high quality romantic relationships are related to:

Back 41

- developping self esteem and competence in relationships

- social support

- developping autonomy from family members

Front 42

darkside:

regardless of quality of romantic relationship they lead to:

Back 42

- increase in major depressive disroder

- increase conflicts within the family

Front 43

if the relationship quality of the romantic relationship is bad, it can lead to:

Back 43

increased risk for sexual victimization and violence

Front 44

what is the selection

Back 44

teens high in depressive symtpoms tend to have romantic partneres who are high in depressive symtpoms

Front 45

how do partners's socialize each other,s emotions

Back 45

if girls expressed negative emotions they were more likely to have depressive symptoms the following year

boys were more likely to have depressive symptoms the following year if they or their romantic partner expressed negative emotions

timing matters- how our emotions unfold in real time dynamics have an influence on our social and emotional developmennt

Front 46

Soexpression of negative emotions during these self regulation challenges (suchas conflict conversations) could reflect underlying characteristics of lowquality relationships, which are risk factors for depression in adolescence

Back 46

hmmm

Front 47

what are the two kinds of online relationships:

Back 47

- people you know in real life (ex: fb)

- peoplle you dont know in real life (ex: chat rooms)

Front 48

what are the two kinds of uses of FB

Back 48

active use: interacting with other people

passive use: monitoring what other people are doing

Front 49

active use for girls is associated with what?

Back 49

positive outcomes

Front 50

active use for boys is associated with what?

Back 50

depressed mood

Front 51

passive use for girls is associated with what?

Back 51

depressed moods

(upward social comparisons)

Front 52

passive use for boys is associated with what?

Back 52

nothing

Front 53

in general active use is associated with __ depressive symptoms, and passive use is assocaited with lower depressive symptoms

(this is the girl trend)

Back 53

lower, higher

Front 54

what is a study that could explain the gender differences in the different outcomes for fb use;

Back 54

boys who are lonelier tend to show more social network use,

girls who are lonelier tend to show less social network use

Front 55

describe the facebook study;

Back 55

facebook manipulated people's newsfeeds such that one group saw more happy posts, and the other group saw more sad posts

social contageon took place such that it influenced what the people who saw these posts put as their own posts

Front 56

what is one negative side of the emotional contagion of facebook?

Back 56

teenagers are more likely to go on facebook, and they are more likely to experience negative emotions, so this could influence negative social contagion by being online

Front 57

what is the bright side of online gamming:

Back 57

it is related to positive developments (ex: decrease in depressive symptoms) if the online gaming is used for social interactions and connections

Front 58

when is online gaming associated with depressive symptoms?

Back 58

when it is motivated by escape tendencies

Front 59

other downsides of internet use:

Back 59

-cyberbullying

- promoting bad things

Front 60

cyberbullying is:

Back 60

online behaviour that is considered a form of harassment or derogation towards another person

Front 61

summary:

Back 61

relationships in adolescence are complex and can be related to both positive and negative outcomes

the nature of relationships and forms of relationships keep changing

Front 62

now for the readings that go with this week:

Back 62

yayyy

Front 63

co-rumination with mothers was associated with:

Back 63

adolescents' corumination with friends

Front 64

co-rumination with mother andfriends are BOTH associated with internalizing symptoms (but weaker formother-child co-rumination)

Back 64

true

Front 65

what were the results of the study:

Back 65

mother-child corumination and anxious/depressive symptoms was mediated by friendship corumination

Front 66

· Co-rumination andself-disclosure with mothers both correlated with friendship co-rumination · But when co-rumination andself-disclosure were simultaneous predictors, only co-rumination with motherswas associated with greater friendship co-rumination

Back 66

so basically:

only corumination,not self disclosure, was correlated with friendship corumination

Front 67

what are the implications of this study:

Back 67

o Mothers who co-ruminate withtheir adolescent children should be aware that they may be modelling acommunication style that, if replicated with friends, could have negativeemotional consequences .