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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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subcategories of conformity
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compliance and obedience
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compliance
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changing your behavior due to a REQUEST of another; foot-in-the-door technique and door-in-the-face technique
ex: being asked to take out the trash |
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obedience
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changing your behavior due to someone commanding you to do so
ex: being told to take out the trash |
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door-in-the-face technique
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starting with a big request then asking for a much smaller request
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functions of conformity
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needed for a society to function; i.e. conforming to norms
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functions of conformity
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social contract, maintaining individuality
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reactance
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people rebel when they feel like constraints are place upon them; not the same as independence
ex: why people dont follow the speed limit |
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social mechanisms that ensure conformity
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laws, social pressure, embarrassment, ostracism
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laws
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used for vital norms necessary for society to function
i.e. laws against violence etc |
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social pressure
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following the norms of others
i.e. why no one stands in an elevator facing the back |
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embarrassment
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keeps people from doing extreme things
ex: if people laugh at you every day because of something, you will probably stop doing it |
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ostracism
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being left out of things; being pushed out of a group
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negative characteristics of conformity
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can lead to prejudices; keeps culture from forming new characteristics; conforming to do bad things (drugs, vandalism, etc); can make us vulnerable to manipulation (ex: dr tells nurse to give improper meds, nurse complies even though she knows it is wrong)
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Sherif's ambiguous situation
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subjects in dark room with pin size light projected on wall asked to estimate how far it moves in 2 seconds; answers vary greatly; after they are put in groups of 3 and they gradually concur on the same answer
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asch's non-ambiguous situation
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subjects asked to compare length of line to 3 comparison lines; 99% get answer right; other subjects do this in groups of 7; only 1 real subject in group who is next to last in the group; everyone else gives wrong answer; 74% gave wrong answer at least once; 12 went along 10-12 times
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phillip's media effects studies
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day after big boxing match, phillip's noticed that homicide rates went up; same with other things like celebrity suicides (2 peaks of suicide rate: one 3 days later and one a week later; relates directly to degree of publicity
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factors affecting conformity
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group size, cohesion and status of the group, making a public response, social support
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group size
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as groups get bigger conformity increases until the group hit 15 people
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cohesion and status of the group
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when there is attatchment within members of a group, conformity increases; high status groups have higher conformity
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making a public response
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conformity is strongest when others know your response
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social support
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effect of unanimity, minority influence
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effect of unanimity
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most conformity because it is hard to go against a group when everyone else is against you
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minority influence
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seeing another person go against the group makes it easier for other to do the same; gives a 'sense of permission'
ex: crossing street against the light |
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explaining conformity
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normative social influence; informational social influence
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normative social influence
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(why we tend to follow cultural norms so willingly); people conform to be accepted by others and to avoid rejection by others
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informational social influence
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people conform when they're not sure of how to act; strongest conformity occurs in ambiguous situations
ex: other can give us info on how to act when we're not sure |
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milgram studies
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teacher - student studys; shock goes up 15 volts for each wrong answer up to 450 volts; 8th wrong answer lerner complains of pain; 10th wrong learner demands to quit; 18th wrong learner screams and demands he doesn't want to do this anymore; 22nd wrong learner screams loud then falls silent; 65% of subjects keep shocking the apparently dead body
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factors affecting obedience
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physical and emotional distance of victim, status and closeness of order-giver, models of defiance (minority influence)
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physical and emotional distance of victim (factors affecting obedience)
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highest obedience when victim is unseen in another room; if in same room, obedience drops 40%; if teacher has to place victims hand on a metal plate, obedience drops 30%
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status and closeness of order-giver (factors affecting obedience)
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the more status the order-giver is, the higher obedience; proximity of order-giver affects too (over the phone or distance from subject)
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models of defiance (factors affecting obedience)
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minority influence; the more people that refuse to go on, the more people feel comfortable to do the same
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explaining Milgram results
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denial of personal responsibility, foot-in-the-door, fundamental attribution error
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denial of personal responsibility (explaining Milgram)
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responsibility transferred to authority figure
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foot-in-the-door (explaining Milgram)
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when people start at a high voltage, they dont obey, but when they start small then go high, they obey
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fundamental attribution error (explaining Milgram)
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subjects perceived the learners as 'bad people' that deserve it
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minimal group situations
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being in the presence of other people
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effects of the presence of others on performance of tasks
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Triplett study, social inhibition, role of arousal
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triplett study
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found bicycle racers went faster when competing with others than when alone; same result with children winding fishing reels
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social facilitation
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presence of other people improves performance on tasks
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social inhibition
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presence of others decreases performance on tasks
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difference of social facilitation and social inhibition
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facilitation occurs with easy tasks; inhibition occurs with difficult tasks
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role of arousal
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reticular activating system, autonomic nervous system, amount of stimulation being processed by brain
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reticular activating system
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source of arousal and motivation
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autonomic nervous system
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runds on its own; keeps heart beating; dong have to think about it in order to make it happen; ex: fight or flight mechanism
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amount of stimulation being processed by brain
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the more stimulation, the more stressed out you will become because your arousal level will go up
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response facilitation
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easy tasks the dominant response is doing the task correctly; with difficult tasks the dominant response is doing the task wrong;
ex: good pool players got better, while bad pool players got worse... just by the researchers watching them |
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sources of social arousal
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presence of others, evaluation apprehension, distraction
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presence of others
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presence of other humans cause arousal; dont even have to be looking at you; makes sense because all of our rewards and punishments come from other people; even seen in cockroaches, dogs, cats, birds, etc
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evaluation apprehension
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worrying about how others will judge us
ex: if a guy runs in front of a female, he will run faster trying impress her |
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distraction
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cognitive conflict between attending to performance and thinking about social presentation; cant devote all cognitive resources to completing tasks which raises arousal level
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deindividuation
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people can lose sense of identity in a crowd; can lead to behaviors that they normally wouldn't have; ex: mob mentality
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diffusion of responsibility (deindividuation)
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people feel less responsible for own behavior; enhanced by arousal (cheering, music, etc)
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susceptibility to social cues (deindividuation)
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behavior is based on a social norm; ex: if some work kkk outfits the teacher would shock the student more, but if in a nurse uniform, people gave less shocks
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process in interacting groups
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accomplish tasks quickly and efficiently, make best decisions possible
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accomplishing tasks (negative outcomes)
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diffusion of responsility can lead to social loafing
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social loafing
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occurs when individual contributions can't be identified (ananymous situations); less likely in cohesive groups and with interesting, challenging problems, a little less likely in collectivist cultures
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making good decisions (groups)
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group discussion allows us to hear all sides of an issue including info we may not think of; weigh all info, can change our minds if we realize we're wrong... but do we?
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group polarization
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group discussion tends to strengthen people's initial beliefs; reflect the initial position of the majority
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explaining group polarization
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confirmation bias, social comparison, need for consistency
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confirmation bias
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hearing arguments in favor of your position will strengthen your position; hearing evidence against your position will be ignored
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social comparison (group polarization)
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we often dont know others' position at beginning of discussion so we 'play it safe' by not stating our opinion real boldly to avoid rejection (normative social influence); after we realize others agree, we gain confidence in our position
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need for consistency (group polarization)
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we want our behavior to be consistent with our beliefs; making public statement of position will reinforce position
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implications of group polarization
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discussions between people with similar beliefs can lead to extreme attitudes and decisions (over time)
ex: political beleifs, terrorism |
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groupthink
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occurs when group members are overly concerned with maintaining group harmony; being in the group is more important than making good decisions; members purposely suppress any dissenting opinion in order to go along with the group
ex: challenger space shuttle disaster |
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qualities of groups susceptible to groupthink
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high status, high cohesiveness, high stress, highly directive leader (leader tells group where they should end up), structural and procedural faults (dont have a procedure system to hear all sides)
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symptoms of groupthink
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overestimation of group's abilities, unquestioned beleif in the group's morality (ex: god is on our side), stereotyped view of opposing groups
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flawed decision making process (groupthink)
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conformity pressure, self appointed 'mind-guards' (person saying why are you making this so difficult? if you disagree)
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preventing groupthink
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establish system to challenve all group decisions (ex: devil's advocate to question everything the group says), encourage doubt and dissenting opinions (consider any negative outcomes of decision)
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prosocial behavior
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any behavior that is intended to benefit another person
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why should we help? (prosocial behavior)
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because it's the right thing to do (altruistic helping); because we'll get something out of it (egoistic helping)
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altruistic helping
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because its the right thing to do
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egoistic helping
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because we get something out of it
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social responsibility norm
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we should always help other in need
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social justice norm
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we should help people who deserve help
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reciprocity norm
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we should help other who help us
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Kitty Genovese case (1963)
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worked in Queens; got stabbed by guy in front of her building left when heard someone say stop, then came back when no one came to help; attacked for 35 minutes; 38 people witnessed the attack, but no one did anything
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bystander effect
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one of the strongest factors to not help; ex: seisure ex 85% helped if just 2 of them, 62% with one other person, 31% with 4 other people
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bystander intervention model
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barrier 1: noticing that someone is in need of help, 2: interpreting the situation as one requiring help, 3: personal responsibility
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barrier 1
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noticing that someone is in need of help; distraction or self interest can interfere with noticing
ex: minister study half told in rush, other half told weren't, only 10% stopped out of the ones told they were in a rush |
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barrier 2
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does the person really need my help? if its not an emergency they you're relieved of any obligation
ex: if you see other people just walking by a person laying on the sidewalk, you'll assume its not an emergency |
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barrier 3
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taking responsibility for helping; diffusion of responsibility; people assume 'someone' will help; minority influence - we see someone helping, we're more likely to help; more likely to help people like us
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costs of helping
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takes time and effort, might get clothes dirty, fear of embarrassment, perceived cost to victim (person want help?)
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rewards of helping
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social approval, enhanced self-esteem, indebtedness
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arousal cost/reward model
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seeing others in distress causes negative emotions and arousal (empathy); helping can decrease this negative arousal
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negative state relief model
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in non-emergency situations, people will help others as a way of increasing or maintaining a positive mood; good mood increases helping; sadness and guilt increase helping
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empathy-altruism hypothesis
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perceived similarity or attachment to victim cal lead to empathetic concern; this concern can lead to true altruism; helping is motivated only by concern for the victim
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