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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to Thorndike, why did the cats initially bat at the string in the puzzle box?
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Suggested that changes in behavior were based on passive selection that was regulated by reinforcement
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What does Thorndike's law of effect suggest?
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Stimulus-response reflexes that are followed by a satisfying event are strengthened while those followed by an annoying event are weakened
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Why did Skinner object to Thordike's theory?
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Reflexive = Elicited= Instrumental
Voluntary = Emitted= Operant Emitted behaviors are ‘operant behaviors’ (behaviors that the subjects uses to ‘operate’ on the environment). |
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Why did Tolman have problems with the law of effect?
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There was more cognition involved and memory???
Animals chose shortes paths |
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Tolman's Experiments
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Had rats running through a maze through one of three paths, rats always took the easiest path that was available
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Formal Criteria for Instrumental Conditioning
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The behavioral modification depends on a form of neural plasticity.
The modification depends on the organisms experiential history A) The modification outlasts the environmental contingencies used to induce it, B) the experience has a lasting effect on performance Imposing a temporal relationship between a response (R) and an outcome (O) alters the response. [ NEW!!!] |
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Formal Criteria for Operant Conditioning
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The behavioral modification depends on a form of neural plasticity.
The modification depends on the organisms experiential history A) The modification outlasts the environmental contingencies used to induce it, B) the experience has a lasting effect on performance Imposing a temporal relationship between a response (R) and an outcome (O) alters the response. The nature of the behavioral change is not constrained. The nature of the reinforcer is not constrained. [Last 2 new!!] |
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What are the three general dimensions that training paradigms differ along?
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1)the kind of reinforcer (appetitive or aversive)
2) the nature of the response-outcome relation (reinforced or not reinforced) 3) the presence/ absence of a discriminative stimulus |
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appetitive
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good or positive
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aversive
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bad or negative
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What does reward training involve?
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an appetitive substance used for reinforcement
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continous reinforcement
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you get rewards continously for behavior responses
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fixed interval reinforcement
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you get rewards at a set time for set intervals say a 2min schedule
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What does variable reinforcement involve?
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given rewards at random
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omission
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appetitive outcome is omitted
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punishment
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Response reinforced with an aversive stimulus
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escape
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The aversive outcome is prevented
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What does the presence of a discrimintative stimulus do?
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Informs the subject about when its behaviors will be effective.
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Learning with a discrimintative stimulus
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avoidance learning
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What does the response deprivation hypothesis suggest?
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An effective operant contingency depends on just one fact- it must deprive the organism of the consequent response.
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What does the backward bending labor supply curve suggest?
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That there is an ideal amount of pay to give employees to maximize their productivity, don't give them too much or too little
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Can the spinal cord learn instrumental relationships?
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YES, the lumbar and sacral region learn relationship btwn shock and leg flexion
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Spinal Cords leg flexion and shock
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flex leg no shock, extend leg shock, master rat stops extending as much, yoked doesnt b/c of Phase 1 induced learning deficit, unshocked learn slower in phase two but learn
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Howlong does learning deficit last in yoked rats?
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48-72hrs
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How do we know that the spinal cord is learning a R-O relationship, that the change is based on neural plasticity?
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Maintainence experiment where the task is more difficult but the principle it the same aka 8mm vs 4mm
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How do we know that spinal cord learning has lasting effect?
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Maintainence experiment
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What training paradigm best describes learning in the spinal cord?
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Punishment training
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What cellular mechanism do we think underlies instrumental learning in the spinal cord (and the learning deficit)?
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Central Sensitization; MK-801 blocks learning and the learning deficit,Inhibition of BDNF blocks learning,PKC inhibitor, Bisindolylmaleimide-I (i.t), blocks the induction of the deficit, basically it seems they use the same receptors etc
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What does intrdermal capsaicin do at the spinal level? Wha does it do to instrumental learning?
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CAUSES PAIN = Punishment training
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Kamin's Rat Experiment
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1. Pavlovian conditioning
Tone + Shock Pain Tone + Limb movement No pain 2. Instrumental conditioning Pain Fear No pain reduced fear To extinguish response need to prevent the rewarding outcome. escape from pain extinction 4 groups: no shock, no tone, yoked, control no shock learned best, no tone second best, yoked did not learn!!! |
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How would you extinguish an acquired drive that is supported by conditioned inhibition?
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Flooding (No escape: expose the subject to stimulus until fear response extinguished)
Systematic desensitization a. Create fear hierarchy, b. learn to relax major muscle groups, c. relax in presence of phobic stimuli |
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Systematic Desensitization
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Dr. Hooks fear of flying
1. Create Fear Hierarchy: list fear level low to high 2.Calm yourself at each step 3.Relax during flight |
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FES
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functional electrical stimulation
used to facilitate the performance of motor behaviors in the spinally injured. Involves the application of electrical currents to stimulate muscle or nerve groups through surface or implanted electrodes. Focuses on the motor consequences of stimulation elicited by the activation of muscles |
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How do researchers study post-traumatic stress disorder in the laboratory?
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Fear conditioning is used as a model of PTSD
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Drug self-administration studies use what type of training paradigm?
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Self administration studies are used to examine drug addiction. Subjects trained to lever press or nose poke for an injection of a drug (instrumental conditioning)
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PREE
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Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect
extinction is slower after partial reinforcement training |
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What did Hull and Thorndike suggest we learn in instrumental conditioning?
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stimulus-response relationships
WRONG |
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What did Tolman think we learn in instrumental conditioning?
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Response-Outcome relationships
RIGHT |
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Do rats learn response-outcome relationships?
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YES!
Codwill and Rescorla Toggle R Sugar Water Toggle L Food Depriciate Food, they toggle R way more often |
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Do rats learn Stimulus-Outcome relationships?
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YES!
Codwill and Rescorla Light - lever press Noise - chain pull Rats used discriminative stimulus to decide behavior |
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Do rats learn hierarchal relationships?
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Light- Nose Poke
Noise- Bar Press Food Available Used hierarchal relationships to determine actions The light and noise act as discrimintative stimuli |
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Bliss Point
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the extent to which the organism would engage in behaviors in a completely unconstrained environment
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Who developed the minimun deviation model?
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Staddon
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Minimum deviation model
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assumed internal machinery minimizes distance between current state and bliss point
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