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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sensorimotor stage (0-2)
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infants coordinate their sensory inputs and mortor capablitities, forming behavior schemes that permit them to acton and get to know their environment
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stages of sensorimotor
-reflexive activity(0-1month) |
exercising and accomodation of inborn reflexes
-some reflexive imitation -track moving opject but ignores disappearance |
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primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
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repeating interesting acts tha are centered on one's own body
-repetition of own behavior that is mimicked by companion -looks intently at the spot where the object disappeared |
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secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
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repeating interesting acts that are directed toward external object
-searches for partly concealed objects |
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coordination of secondary schemes(8-12 months)
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combining actions to solve simple problems (intention)
-searches for and finds concealed objects that have not been visibly displaced |
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tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
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experimenting to find new ways to solve problems or reproduce interesting outcomes
-searches for and finds objects that have been visibly displaced |
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invention of new means through mental combinations (18-24 months
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first evidence of insight as the child solves problems at an internal, symbolic level
-object concept is complete -searches for and finds object that have been hiddent through invisible displacement |
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deferred imitation
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ability to reproduce the behavior of an absent model
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object permenance
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the idea that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through the other sense
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a not b error
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tendency of children to search for a hidden object where they previously found it even after seeing it moved
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neo-nativists
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theorists who believe that infants are born with substantial innate knowledge about the physical world
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theory theories
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infants are prepared from birth to make sense of certain classes of information; infants construct "theories" about how the world works and testing and modifying their theories until th emodels in their brain resemble the way the world is structured
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preoperational stage (2-7)
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children are thinking at a symbolic level but are not yet using cognitive operations
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symbolic function
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the ability to use symbols to represent objects and experiences
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representational insight
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the knowledge that an entity can stand for something other than itself
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dual representation
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ability to represent and object simultaneously as an object itself and as a representation of something else
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animism
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attributing life and lifelike qualities to inanimate objects
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egocentrism
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tendency to view the world from ones own perspective and to have difficulty recognizing another person's point of view
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appearance/reality distinction
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ability to keep the true properties or characteristics of an object in mind despite the deceptive appearance the object has assumed; notably lacking among young children during the preconceptual period
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centration
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tendency of preoperational children to attend to one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others
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conservation
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recognition that the properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way
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decentration
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ability to concentrate on more than one aspect of a problem at the same time
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reversibility
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ability to mentally undo or negate an action by mentally performing the opposite action
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identity training
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teaching children to recognize that the object or substance transformed in a conservation task is still the same object or substance regardless of appearance
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theory of mind
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childresn's developing concepts of mental activity- an understanding of how the human mind owrks and a knowledge that humans are cognitive beings whose mental states are not always shared with or accessible to others
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belief desire reasoning
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we understand that our behvior and the behaior of others is based on what we know or believe and what we want or desire
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false belief task
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type of task in theory of mind studies in which the child must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses
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concrete operational period (7-11 years)
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children are acquiring cognitive operations and thinking more logically about real objects and experiences
-acquire conservation and reversibility |
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mental seriation
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a cognitive operation that allows one to mentally order a set of stimuli along a quantifiable dimension such as height or weight
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transitivity
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ablitity to recognize relations among elements in a serial order
(a>b, b>c then a>c) |
