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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Topic of mental processes |
Cognitive psychology |
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Experimental self-observation |
Introspection |
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Thorndike's law of effect |
Reponses that lead to a desirable consequence are likely to be repeated and vice cersa |
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B.F. Skinner. Consequences of behaviors determine whether those behaviors increase or decrease in frequency/intensity |
Operant conditioning |
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Father of American psychology |
William James |
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_____ is the claim that cognitive skills may be independent of each other, and operate according to different "programs" or rules. Thus, in principle, a person could be deficient in one skill but proficient in another |
Modularity |
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Psychological principle that maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts |
Gestalt psychology |
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Cognitive structure that helps us organize and make sense of new material |
Schema |
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Learning occurs even without rewards |
Latent learning |
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Children's sentence production abilities are too advanced to be explained by only what they've heard. Goes against operant conditioning |
Poverty of the input |
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If your ability to speak and understand language is impaired, you can still see |
Modularity of mind |
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Which of the following is not a property of modular systems? A) domain specificity B) informational encapsulation C) slow speed D) obligatory firing E) shallow outputs |
Slow speed. Actually a fast speed |
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Carrying out many activities at the same time. Reading is an example |
Parallel processing |
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Sciences of behavior and mental processes (sensations, perceptions, feelings, thoughts) |
Modern definition of psychology |
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Father of cognitive psychology |
Ulric Neisser |
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Seeing an object and identifying it |
Bottom-up processing |
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Prior knowledge |
Top-down processing |
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What we know about the world influences how we process incoming information, even at the most basic levels of cognition |
Top-down processing |
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Individual plays an active role in processing information (same as cognitive processes) |
Active processing |
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Neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, linguistics, computer science, anthropology |
Constituent disciples |
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Interdisciplinary study of the mind/brain |
Cognitive science |
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Studies human and animal behavior and mental processes |
Psychology |
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Procedures or algorithms that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to infl |
Computation |
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Planning, selective attention, inhibition of responses, memory strategies, problem solving. Contains motor cortex and speech production area |
Frontal lobe |
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Visual processing |
Occipital lobe |
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Memory, object recognition, auditory processing, speech comprehension |
Temporal lobe |
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Contains somatosensory cortex. Integration of senses, visual attention, and coordination of motor movement |
Parietal lobe |
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Deficit in producing grammatical speech |
Broca's aphasia |
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Deficit in understanding speech |
Wernicke's aphasia |
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Complementary pattern involving two patients with lesions in 2 different brain areas |
Double dissociation |
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Apply electrical currents to brain to see which parts are responsible for different functions. May cause seizures |
TMS |
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Cerebral blood flow. Measures glucose update or blood flow during an activity |
PET |
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Had a normal memory span. After 230+ hours of practice, could reliably recall sequences of length 80 in order |
C.F. |
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Primary memory |
Short term memory |
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Secondary memlry |
Long term memory |
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Transformation of sensory input that allows it to be entered into memory |
Encoding |
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The operation of holding or retaining info |
Storage |
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Process by which stored into is extracted from memory |
Retrieval |
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Grouping digits or other into into meaningful units |
Chunking |
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3 memory stores |
Sensory store Short term store (STS) Long term store (LTS) |
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Information is held in a modality specific buffer until it is attempted to or forgotten |
Sensory store |
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Can recall words in any order |
Free recall |
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Limited memory span (fixed capacity) |
Short term store |
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Old material makes it harder to retrieve subsequently learned material. Ex) changing passwords |
Proactive interference |
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3 memory stores |
Sensory store Short term store (STS) Long term store (LTS) |
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Uses an auditory code |
STS |
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Uses a semantic code |
LTS |
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Primacy effect |
Long term memory |
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New material overwrites previously learned material |
Retroactive interference |
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The more similar the interfering material is to the to-be-remembered material, the greater the interference |
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Uses an auditory code |
STS |
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Uses a semantic code |
LTS |
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Long term info is stored in the |
Temporal lobe |
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Information is held in a modality specific buffer until it is attempted to or forgotten |
Sensory store |
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Recency effect |
Short term memory |
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Short term information is stored in the |
Prefrontal cortex |
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A limited capacity system allowing the temporary storage and manipulation of info necessary for such complex tasks as comprehension, learning, and reasoning |
Working memory |
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Encodes inputs into chunks and is the key to LTM storage |
Elaboration |
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Front (Term) |
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Storage of visual information |
Visuospatial sketchpad |
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Storage of acoustic information |
Phonological loop |
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Brings together phonological, visual, spatial, and other info into a single, temporary memory space |
Episodic buffer |
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Controlled manipulation of into in working memory to allocate resources, represent goals, assess relevance, and direct attention. Ex) driving a car ~ take action, evaluate situations |
Central executive |
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Occurs with minimal conscious awareness. "Second nature" |
Automatic processing |
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Occurs with minimal conscious awareness. "Second nature" |
Automatic processing |
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Monitoring and manipulating stored information |
Dorsolateral PFC (DPFC) |
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Encoding, rehearsal, and retrieval of information. Phonological look and visuospatial sketchpad |
Ventrolateral PFC (VPFC) |
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What part of brain? Abstract goals and plans |
Anterior PFC |
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What part of brain? Specific action plans |
Premotor area |
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Can be consciously recalled. Facts and knowledge |
Explicit/declarative memory |
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Can be consciously recalled. Facts and knowledge |
Explicit/declarative memory |
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Memory that is not always consciously accessible or easy to verbalized |
Implicit/non-declarative memory |
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Items that have been seen before |
Primes |
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Items that have been seen before |
Primes |
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Occurs without intention or awareness. Happens automatically. |
Priming |
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Items that have been seen before |
Primes |
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Occurs without intention or awareness. Happens automatically. |
Priming |
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Stimulus primes with a similar form |
Perceptual priming |
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Items that have been seen before |
Primes |
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Occurs without intention or awareness. Happens automatically. |
Priming |
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Stimulus primes with a similar form |
Perceptual priming |
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Stimulus primes with a similar meaning |
Conceptual priming |
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Active when people attempt to remember past events |
DLPFC |
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Active during intentional encoding of semantic info |
Left anterior VLPFC |
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Active during intentional encoding of semantic info |
Left anterior VLPFC |
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Active during the associated phonological processing |
Left posterior VLPFC |
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Idea that memories are stored equally across the brain |
Equipotentiality |
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Idea that memories are stored equally across the brain |
Equipotentiality |
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Disruption of memories from minutes/hours before brain damage. Form of retrograde amnesia |
Ribot's gradient |
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Had Korsakoff's Syndrome. Scientist |
P.Z. |
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Musician. severe anterograde amnesia. Still remembered how to play piano |
Clive wearing |
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True or false: priming is spared in amnesia. |
True |
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Organized knowledge structure about the order and content of actions |
Scripts |
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Novices do what type of processing? |
Bottom up |
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Experts do what type of processing? |
Top down |
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Visual features and surface sound features |
Shallow processing |
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Visual features and surface sound features |
Shallow processing |
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Meaning and association |
Deep/semantic processing |
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Deeper the processing, better the recognition |
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This occurs because retrieval cues mimic the encoding environment |
Recognition superiority effect |
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Available cues |
Words encoded and stored |
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Available cues |
Words encoded and stored |
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Accessible cues |
Words encoded and stored AND could be retrieved |
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Our knowledge about the functioning of our own memory |
Meta-memory |
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Our knowledge about the functioning of our cognitive processes more generally (thinking about thinking) |
Meta-cognition |
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No better than rote rehearsal after a delay of one week or more |
Keyword method |
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No better than rote rehearsal after a delay of one week or more |
Keyword method |
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Processing for a new domain or skill |
Bottom-up |
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No better than rote rehearsal after a delay of one week or more |
Keyword method |
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Processing for a new domain or skill |
Bottom-up |
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Processing for once a knowledge base is established. We do this more often |
Top down |
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Wang, Thomas, and Ouellette (1992) compared the effectiveness of the keyword method vs rote rehearsal on people's memory for words. Which of the following best describes the findings of their study? |
The keyword method led to better memory when memory was tested immediately |
