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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Describe the study (procedure and results) of Brown and Jenkins (1968) demonstrating sign tracking (autoshaping) in pigeons.
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PROCEDURE:
CS (key light) for 8 sec.→ US (access to grain) for 4 sec. RESULTS: CS (key light) for 8 sec.→ UR (peck at key) Pecked even though key had no effect on access to food. |
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Domjan describes a sign tracking experiment involving a 6-foot long alleyway.
What aspect of the results was surprising? |
Birds pecked the key, even though it was completely unnecessary for food access and by pecking it they got less food and sometimes missed food completely.
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Describe the conditioned suppression procedure and typical results.
Why are VI schedules used to reinforce bar-pressing in the conditioned suppression procedure? What is an ISI (inter-stimulus interval) and what is the typical one used in conditioned suppression? |
PROCEDURE:
1) Train rats to press bar for food until they can do it at steady rate (baseline) 2) While rat is responding on baseline, present CS (tone) for 1 or 2 min., followed immediately by US (shock) RESULTS: CS (tone) → CR (freezing from fear, which results in suppression of bar-pressing) VI schedule used to get bar-pressing to occur at steady rate (baseline) ISI: time interval from onset of CS to onset of US. → If CS lasts 1 - 2 min., ISI is 1 - 2 min. |
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How do you calculate a conditioned suppression ratio?
Draw a graph showing the growth of suppression to an excitatory CS in a conditioned suppression experiment. Use the conditioned suppression ratio as your dependent variable. |
SUPPRESSION RATIO:
(# of responses during CS) ÷ (# of responses during CS + # of responses during pre-CS) 0 = complete suppression (max. fear) 0.5 = no suppression (no fear) |
(see graph)
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Describe the procedure used to study eye blink response as a CR in rabbits.
What were the results? What would be a typical ISI in this procedure? |
PROCEDURE:
CS (tone) for 0.5 sec. → US (puff of air in eye) → UR (blinking) RESULTS: CS (tone) → CR (blinking) ISI = 0.5 seconds |
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Draw a graph showing the growth of excitatory conditioning to a CS in the bunny eye blink conditioning procedure.
What is your dependent measure? How does the growth of the CR differ in eye blink conditioning and conditioned suppression? |
Dependent measure = % of trials with CR
Never really learn to blink reliably (never gets high) Takes a long time to get bunny eye-blink CR (many trials) vs. takes very little time to get fear CR. |
(see graph)
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Describe the procedure used in taste aversion conditioning.
What is typically used as the CS? What serves as the US? What is remarkable about this conditioning procedure? |
CS (novel taste) → US (illness producing stimulus)
You can get taste aversion (avoidance of CS flavor) in only 1 trial and with a very long ISI (= 6 hours) |
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Using a time-line drawing show the defining features of the following Pavlovian conditioning procedures:
- Short Delayed - Trace - Long Delayed - Simultaneous - Backward |
SHORT-DELAYED
cs_____IIIIIIIIII________ us_______IIIIIIIIII______ TRACE cs__IIIIIIIIII___________ us_________IIIIIIIIII____ LONG-DELAYED cs_____IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII_____ us_________IIIIIIIIII____ SIMULTANEOUS cs_______IIIIIIIIII______ us_______IIIIIIIIII______ BACKWARD cs__________IIIIIIIIII___ us_____IIIIIIIIII________ |
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Describe three measures of the strength of the CR.
Which of these is used in rabbit eye blink conditioning? Which is used in the conditioned suppression procedure? |
Measures of CR strength:
1) MAGNITUDE: quantity of the response (ex. how much dogs salivated) 2) LATENCY: amount of time between CS and CR (ex. amount of time it takes dog to salivate after hearing tone) 3) PROBABILITY: likelihood of responding (ex. percentage of times rabbit blinks in response to US) Eye-blink conditioning = PROBABILITY Conditioned suppression = MAGNITUDE |
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Describe three procedures that make a CS inhibitory.
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1) Pavlov's classic method
TRIAL TYPE A CS (tone) ___IIIIII________ CS (light) _____________ US (shock) _____IIIIII_____ TRIAL TYPE B CS (tone) __IIIIII________ CS (light) __IIIIII________ US (shock) ____________ [mix trials up] RESULTS: tone → CS+ light → CS- 2) Two types of trial mixed together TRIAL X CS (tone) ___IIIIII________ CS (light) _____________ US (shock) _____IIIIII_____ TRIAL Y CS (tone) _____________ CS (light) ____IIIIII______ US (shock) _____________ RESULTS: tone → CS+ light → CS- 3) Rescorla's procedure: negative contingency (ex. 0 - 0.8) ( 0 probability that they will get shocked and 0.8 probability that they won't get shocked; because probability that they won't get shocked is greater, it's inhibitory.) |
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Describe how you would conduct a retardation-of-acquisition test for conditioned inhibition.
What is the logic of the retardation test? |
Group 1: CS is paired with neutral stimulus.
Group 2: CS is paired with inhibitory stimulus. LOGIC: if inhibition is a force opposing excitation, then acquisition of CR (ex. fear) should be slower (retarded) for the group with the inhibitory stimulus because they had been previously conditioned not to fear it. |
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Describe how you would conduct a summation test for conditioned inhibition.
What is the logic of this test? |
You present a CS+ alone as well as a compound CS+/CS-.
LOGIC: if inhibition is a force opposed to excitation, then CR (ex. fear) to CS+/CS- should be less because the extra stimulus confuses previous conditioning. |
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How would you test for inhibition if you had a bi-directional response system?
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Measure it directly.
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What did Pavlov and others of his time think was the critical aspect of the classical conditioning procedure that led to the emergence of a CR?
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CONTIGUITY (= the CS and US occur together in time and space)
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What is the difference between “on the baseline” and “off the baseline” conditioning procedures?
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OFF-THE-BASELINE: CC occurs without bar available (rat cannot press bar for food)
ON-THE-BASELINE: CC occurs while animal is able to respond on baseline (rat can press bar for food) |
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According to Rescorla (1967) what is the appropriate control group for classical conditioning?
What are the critical features of the appropriate control group? How did he define the continuum of conditioning from inhibitory to neutral to excitatory in terms of probabilities? |
TRULY RANDOM CONTROL
Critical features: 1) Control and experiment groups must be = in their exposure to CS 2) Control and experiment groups must be = in their exposure to US 3) Control group procedure should produce a neutral CS (CS does not predict that the US will occur nor that it won't occur; gives us NO info about the US) Continuum (from left to right): - Inhibitory [ P(US:CS) < P(US:no CS) ] - Neutral [ P(US:CS) = P(US:no CS) ] - Excitatory [ P(US:CS) > P(US:no CS) ] |
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Describe Rescorla’s 1968 experiment where he showed that excitatory conditioning increases with the degree of positive contingency between CS and US.
Describe his results. |
PROCEDURE:
1) Shape and stabilize lever-pressing response 2) CC of tone (CS) and shock (US): 10 groups of rats with varying degrees of contingency from neutral to very positive. P(US:CS) P(US:~CS) .4 - .4 Neutral .4 - .2 .4 - .1 .4 - 0 Very positive 3) Extinction test for conditioning: tone (CS) with no shock (US) RESULTS: as positive contingency ↑, time to extinction ↑ (= task takes longer) (see notes for graph) |
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Draw a graph comparing the effects of a presumed inhibitory CS and a presumed neutral CS during a retardation test in which the amount of bar press suppression is the dependent variable.
Describe in words what the graph shows. How might you explain the results by appealing to attentional factors. |
A stimulus that actively inhibits a behavior (CS-) takes much longer to condition to elicit the behavior than CS neutral which received no previous training.
ATTENTION ARGUMENT: maybe all inhibitory group learned in conditioning was to ignore CS (i.e. habituation) |
(see graph)
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Draw a graph showing a summation test for inhibition in which the amount of bar press suppression is the dependent variable.
Describe in words what the graph shows. Now try to explain these results by appealing to attentional factors. |
The animal shows a lot of fear to CS+ and less fear when CS+ is presented at same time as CS-.
ATTENTION ARGUMENT: the presence of CS- in CS+/CS- DISTRACTS the animal and therefore animal shows less fear. |
(see graph)
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In #18 and #19 above, you need to use two different mechanisms of attention to account for the results of the two tests.
If you were to use both tests within one piece of research why would this fact support the notion that you have demonstrated conditioned inhibition and not a difference in attention? |
You cannot be distracted by something you've learned to ignore.
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In his 1969 study, Rescorla demonstrated that the degree of inhibitory conditioning increased with the degree of negative contingency.
Describe what he did during his Classical conditioning phase of the study. Describe the results he obtained in his retardation and summation tests. |
CC phase: varried CC of CS from neutral to inhibitory.
EXAMPLE: 0 - 0 (neutral) — 0 - 0.8 (inhibitory) |
(see graphs)
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WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE?
What is the p(US:CS)? |
# of CS-US pairings
--------------------------- Total # of CS presentations |
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WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE?
How many ~CS intervals are there? |
Total # of intervals – # of CS presentations
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WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE?
How many US alone presentations are there? |
Total # of US presentations – # of CS-US pairings
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WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE?
What is the p(US:~CS)? |
Total # of US alone
--------------------------- Total # of ~CS intervals |
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WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE?
Would this CS be excitatory, inhibitory, or neutral? |
CS+ = P(US : CS) > P(US : ~CS)
CS– = P(US : CS) < P(US : ~CS) CS neutral = P(US : CS) = P(US : ~CS) |
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If conditioning is occurring in a 40 min session with five 2-min CS presentations, eight 1-sec shock US presentations and three CS-US pairings:
a) How many 2-min intervals are there in the session? b) What is the p(US:CS)? c) How many ~CS intervals are there? d) How many US alone presentations are there? e) What is the p(US:~CS)? f) Would this CS be excitatory, inhibitory, or neutral? |
40min session
Five 2min presentations of CS Eight 1sec presentations of US 3 CS-US pairings TO SOLVE: a) Divide into equal time units (40min ÷ 2min = 20) b) # of CS-US pairings ÷ total # of CS presentations (3 ÷ 5 = 0.6) c) Total # of intervals – # of CS presentations (20 - 5 = 15) d) Total # of US presentations – # of CS-US pairings (8 - 3 = 5) e) Total # of US alone ÷ total # of ~CS intervals (5 ÷ 15 = 0.33) f) Use rule below (0.6 > 0.33 = CS+) CS+ = P(US : CS) > P(US : ~CS) CS– = P(US : CS) < P(US : ~CS) CS neutral = P(US : CS) = P(US : ~CS) |
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